{"id":8782,"date":"2016-02-19T06:38:53","date_gmt":"2016-02-19T06:38:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/la-importancia-de-la-opinion-para-socrates-y-hannah-arendt\/"},"modified":"2022-10-26T13:13:16","modified_gmt":"2022-10-26T11:13:16","slug":"la-importancia-de-la-opinion-para-socrates-y-hannah-arendt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/la-importancia-de-la-opinion-para-socrates-y-hannah-arendt\/","title":{"rendered":"La importancia de la opini\u00f3n para S\u00f3crates y Hannah Arendt"},"content":{"rendered":"

En este momento de resquebrajamiento de la realidad occidental, con sus m\u00faltiples fallas, que poco a poco aumentan seg\u00fan repensamos una tradici\u00f3n que en todas sus dimensiones se est\u00e1 quedando limitada y que adem\u00e1s pervierte las intenciones de los que seguimos creyendo en un entendimiento entre los seres humanos; el debate y las verdades m\u00faltiples (las opiniones, la doxa) han ido emergiendo hacia el espacio p\u00fablico con toda la naturalidad del mundo marcando hitos como la movilizaci\u00f3n del 15-M en la cercan\u00eda y otras an\u00e1logas en otros pa\u00edses. Adem\u00e1s, lejos de terminar ah\u00ed, como las problem\u00e1ticas y las presiones generadas por el poder son m\u00faltiples (desahucios, encarcelamientos, desigualdad en el reparto de la riqueza, recortes de libertades\u2026) tambi\u00e9n el debate se ha fragmentado en m\u00e1s debates que atienden a distintas demandas de la sociedad. No perdamos la cabeza. Esto no es peligroso. Al menos no para el pueblo.<\/p>\n

Se ha empezado<\/span> a hacer<\/span> Pol\u00edtica<\/span>. Y es<\/span> que<\/span>, efectivamente<\/span> la Pol\u00edtica<\/span> consiste<\/span> en debate e intercambio<\/span> de opiniones<\/span> para<\/span> encontrar<\/span> puntos<\/span> de acuerdo<\/span> y tambi\u00e9n<\/span> para<\/span> ver<\/span> diferencias<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Si revisamos<\/span> la obra<\/span> de Hannah Arendt<\/span> sobre<\/span> la tradici\u00f3n<\/span> del pensamiento<\/span> pol\u00edtico<\/span> de Occidente<\/span>, vemos<\/span> efectivamente<\/span> ese<\/span> punto<\/span> de inflexi\u00f3n<\/span> en el que<\/span> las<\/span> opiniones<\/span> de los ciudadanos<\/span> pierden<\/span> su<\/span> fuerza<\/span> en detrimento<\/span> de la Verdad<\/span> que<\/span> se\u00f1ala<\/span> Plat\u00f3n<\/span> mortificando<\/span> todo<\/span> aquello<\/span> que<\/span> es<\/span> cambiante<\/span>, m\u00faltiple<\/span> y atiende<\/span>, en definitiva<\/span>, al mundo<\/span> terrenal<\/span> en el que<\/span> habitamos<\/span> todos<\/span>. De alguna<\/span> forma, renegando<\/span> de las<\/span> ense\u00f1anzas<\/span> de su<\/span> maestro S\u00f3crates<\/span> que<\/span> conversando<\/span> con la ciudadan\u00eda<\/span> ateniense<\/span> sacaba<\/span> la doxa<\/span><\/em>, la verdad<\/span> particular que<\/span> hay en cada<\/span> uno<\/span> de nosotros<\/span>. Formulando<\/span> preguntas<\/span>. Aplicando<\/span> ese<\/span> arte<\/span><\/a> de la may\u00e9utica<\/span> que<\/span> hac\u00eda<\/span> que<\/span> el ateniense<\/span> se enfrentase<\/span> a sus<\/span> propias<\/span> contradicciones<\/span> como<\/span> individuo<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Para el pensamiento<\/span> socr\u00e1tico<\/span> es<\/span> fundamental el aforismo<\/span> que<\/span> presentaba<\/span> el templo<\/span> de Apolo<\/span> en Delfos<\/span>: \u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03b8\u03b9<\/em>\u03c3\u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd<\/em><\/span> (Con\u00f3cete<\/span> a ti<\/span> mismo<\/span>)<\/em>. \u00bfAcaso<\/span> no necesitamos<\/span> conocernos<\/span> y superar<\/span> muchas<\/span> de nuestras<\/span> contradicciones<\/span>? Muchos<\/span> miedos<\/span> e inseguridades<\/span> que<\/span> en mayor o menor<\/span> medida<\/span> se han<\/span> incrustado<\/span> en la vida<\/span> de la ciudadan\u00eda<\/span>. Y hacen<\/span> que<\/span> seamos<\/span> gobernables<\/span>, s\u00ed<\/span>. Una<\/span> ciudadan\u00eda<\/span> igualada<\/span> por<\/span> el miedo<\/span> es<\/span> el ideal del Gobierno<\/span>, pero<\/span> no es<\/span> una<\/span> ciudadan\u00eda<\/span> capaz<\/span> de hacer<\/span> Pol\u00edtica<\/span>. Por<\/span> tanto<\/span>, no es<\/span> una<\/span> ciudadan\u00eda<\/span> libre<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00bfQu\u00e9<\/span> miedos<\/span>?<\/h2>\n

El miedo<\/span> a no encajar<\/span> en la sociedad<\/span>. Este<\/span> miedo<\/span> es<\/span> muy<\/span> natural, pero<\/span> hay que<\/span> tener<\/span> en cuenta<\/span> que<\/span> los valores<\/span> que<\/span> se defienden<\/span> mayoritariamente<\/span> son individualistas<\/span> y se contradicen<\/span> con la propia<\/span> comunidad<\/span>. Podr\u00edamos<\/span> decir<\/span> que<\/span> existe<\/span> el miedo<\/span> a no encajar<\/span> en el mism\u00edsimo<\/span> desmembramiento<\/span> de la sociedad<\/span>.<\/p>\n

El miedo<\/span> a hablar<\/span> en p\u00fablico<\/span>. Este<\/span> est\u00e1<\/span> relacionado<\/span> con el anterior, pero<\/span> tambi\u00e9n<\/span> apunta<\/span> a la desconfianza<\/span> que<\/span> tenemos<\/span> en nuestra<\/span> propia<\/span> opini\u00f3n<\/span> que<\/span> s\u00f3lo<\/span> puede<\/span> sostenerse<\/span> desde<\/span> la oficialidad<\/span> o la oficializaci\u00f3n<\/span> que<\/span> puedan<\/span> conceder las<\/span> instituciones<\/span> en las<\/span> que<\/span> tanto<\/span> confiamos<\/span>. Consagradas<\/span> por<\/span> la tradici\u00f3n<\/span> pol\u00edtica<\/span> romana<\/span> y la Iglesia<\/span> como<\/span> propia<\/span> institucionalizaci\u00f3n<\/span> romana<\/span> de la antiinstitucional<\/span> cristiandad<\/span> primitiva<\/span>. En ese<\/span> sentido<\/span>, deber\u00edamos<\/span> ir<\/span> despertando<\/span> de nuestro<\/span> thaumadzein<\/span><\/em>, un estado<\/span> de asombro<\/span> e inmovilidad<\/span> que<\/span> Hannah Arendt<\/span> atribuye<\/span> a los fil\u00f3sofos<\/span> que<\/span> enamorados<\/span> de la idea de perfecci\u00f3n<\/span> permanecen<\/span> en \u00e9xtasis<\/span>, quietud<\/span> y silencio<\/span> ante algo<\/span> que<\/span> se presenta<\/span> como<\/span> tan verdadero<\/span> y puro<\/span> que<\/span> no puede<\/span> recibir<\/span> de intervenci\u00f3n<\/span> subjetiva<\/span> alguna<\/span>. Esto<\/span> podr\u00eda<\/span> enraizar<\/span> con otra<\/span> discusi\u00f3n<\/span> sobre<\/span> la disponibilidad<\/span> del conocimiento<\/span> cient\u00edfico<\/span> o acad\u00e9mico<\/span> para<\/span> la ciudadan\u00eda<\/span>, por<\/span> ejemplo<\/span>.<\/p>\n

El miedo<\/span> a la traici\u00f3n<\/span>. Es<\/span> b\u00e1sico<\/span> superar<\/span> este<\/span> miedo<\/span> para<\/span> que<\/span> pueda<\/span> emerger<\/span> la solidaridad<\/span> y pueda<\/span> desaparecer<\/span> ese<\/span> individualismo<\/span> funesto<\/span> para<\/span> nuestra<\/span> cultura<\/span><\/a>. No quiere<\/span> decir<\/span> esto<\/span> que<\/span> no seamos<\/span> cautos<\/span>, pero<\/span> s\u00ed<\/span> quiere<\/span> decir<\/span> que<\/span> hay que<\/span> atreverse<\/span> a compartir<\/span> nuestro<\/span> tiempo<\/span>, esfuerzo<\/span> y recursos<\/span> con personas en las<\/span> que<\/span> confiamos<\/span> y con personas que<\/span> no merecen<\/span> nuestros<\/span> prejuicios<\/span>. Este<\/span> miedo<\/span> viene<\/span> dado por<\/span> la propia<\/span> carencia<\/span> de valores<\/span> morales que<\/span> respalden<\/span> una<\/span> confianza<\/span> mutua<\/span>, pero<\/span> es<\/span> muy<\/span> importante<\/span> dejar<\/span> atr\u00e1s<\/span> ese<\/span> individualismo<\/span> para<\/span> que<\/span> podamos<\/span> empezar<\/span> a mejorar<\/span> nuestra<\/span> vida<\/span> como<\/span> seres<\/span> humanos<\/span> que<\/span> vivimos<\/span> en comunidad<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Estos<\/span> tres<\/span> miedos<\/span> no agotan<\/span> una<\/span> lista<\/span> que<\/span> podr\u00eda<\/span> ser<\/span> interminable si<\/span> analiz\u00e1semos<\/span> casos<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> espec\u00edficos<\/span>, pero<\/span> creo<\/span> que<\/span> representan<\/span> bien<\/span> tres<\/span> nudos<\/span> vitales<\/span> del tejido<\/span> social que<\/span> cada<\/span> d\u00eda<\/span> est\u00e1n<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> flojos<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Por<\/span> otro<\/span> lado<\/span>, hay que<\/span> se\u00f1alar<\/span> la segunda<\/span> base del pensamiento<\/span> socr\u00e1tico<\/span> tal<\/span> y como<\/span> lo entendi\u00f3<\/span> Hannah Arendt<\/span> en su<\/span> an\u00e1lisis<\/span> del pensamiento<\/span> pol\u00edtico<\/span> occidental hist\u00f3rico<\/span>. Esta<\/span> es<\/span>: \u201cSolo s\u00e9<\/span> que<\/span> no s\u00e9<\/span> nada\u201d<\/em>, atribuida<\/span> a S\u00f3crates<\/span> por<\/span> uno<\/span> de los di\u00e1logos<\/span> que<\/span> escribi\u00f3<\/span> Plat\u00f3n<\/span> sobre<\/span> su<\/span> maestro. Esta<\/span> frase<\/span>, aparentemente<\/span> de forma contradictoria<\/span>, fue<\/span> m\u00e9rito<\/span> suficiente<\/span> para<\/span> que<\/span> el or\u00e1culo<\/span> de Delfos<\/span> lo juzgase<\/span> como<\/span> el hombre m\u00e1s<\/span> sabio<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Esta<\/span> frase<\/span> admite<\/span> la complejidad<\/span> de las<\/span> distintas<\/span> perspectivas<\/span>, la variedad<\/span> de opiniones<\/span><\/a> y sensibilidades<\/span> que<\/span> dan<\/span> cuerpo<\/span> al mundo<\/span> humano<\/span> y, si<\/span> bien<\/span>, el primer aforismo<\/span> (C\u00f3nocete<\/span> a ti<\/span><\/em> mismo<\/span><\/em>) hac\u00eda<\/span> referencia<\/span> a la moral necesaria<\/span> para<\/span> la pol\u00edtica<\/span>, esta<\/span> se refiere<\/span> a la pol\u00edtica<\/span> necesaria<\/span> para<\/span> la moral y sit\u00faa<\/span> de forma natural al debate p\u00fablico<\/span> y a la discusi\u00f3n<\/span> de la gente<\/span> de la calle<\/span> sobre<\/span> sus<\/span> problemas<\/span> cotidianos<\/span> como<\/span> la pol\u00edtica<\/span> primitiva<\/span> y como<\/span> Pol\u00edtica<\/span> con may\u00fascula<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Por<\/span> eso<\/span> S\u00f3crates<\/span> no sab\u00eda<\/span> nada, pero<\/span> en el fondo<\/span> era el m\u00e1s<\/span> sabio<\/span> al reconocer<\/span> esto<\/span>. Porque<\/span> \u00e9l<\/span> conoc\u00eda<\/span> muy<\/span> bien<\/span> la naturaleza<\/span> de los asuntos<\/span> humanos<\/span> y la importancia<\/span> de la pluralidad<\/span> de verdades<\/span>, pero<\/span> nunca<\/span> se intent\u00f3<\/span> atribuir<\/span> la capacidad<\/span> de conocer<\/span> una<\/span> verdad<\/span> mejor<\/span> que<\/span> estuviese<\/span> por<\/span> encima<\/span> de la opini\u00f3n<\/span> de sus<\/span> ciudadanos<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Por<\/span> la misma<\/span> raz\u00f3n<\/span>, yo<\/span> tambi\u00e9n<\/span> os<\/span> invito<\/span> a que<\/span> discut\u00e1is<\/span> y debat\u00e1is<\/span> entre<\/span> vosotros<\/span> sea entre<\/span> dos o entre<\/span> una<\/span> multitud<\/span> con tanto<\/span> respeto<\/span> a vuestra<\/span> doxa<\/span><\/em> como<\/span> a la del resto<\/span> de integrantes<\/span> del grupo<\/span>. Con tanta<\/span> energ\u00eda<\/span> para<\/span> hacer<\/span> ver<\/span> vuestro<\/span> punto<\/span> de vista, como<\/span> respeto<\/span> y paciencia<\/span> para<\/span> escuchar<\/span> y entender<\/span> al resto<\/span>.<\/p>\n

De igual<\/span> forma, tenemos<\/span> que<\/span> respetar<\/span> nuestra<\/span> opini\u00f3n<\/span> y la de nuestra<\/span> comunidad<\/span> frente<\/span> a la versi\u00f3n<\/span> que<\/span> nos dan<\/span> los medios<\/span>, que<\/span> no dejan<\/span> de ser<\/span> un actor m\u00e1s<\/span> del debate y no deber\u00edan<\/span> ser<\/span> nunca<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> que<\/span> eso<\/span>. Ni debemos<\/span> dejar<\/span> que<\/span> monopolicen<\/span> la aportaci\u00f3n<\/span> de temas<\/span> sobre<\/span> los que<\/span> discutir<\/span>, ni<\/span> que<\/span> monopolicen<\/span> la versi\u00f3n<\/span> sobre<\/span> dicha<\/span> tem\u00e1tica<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Hay que<\/span> seguir<\/span> haciendo<\/span> Pol\u00edtica<\/span>, por<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> que<\/span> los de arriba<\/span> (casi<\/span> seres<\/span> supraterrenales<\/span>) con su<\/span> oficialidad<\/span> y verdad<\/span> \u00fanica<\/span> de la ley<\/span> sigan<\/span> insistiendo<\/span> por<\/span> la televisi\u00f3n<\/span> y otros<\/span> medios<\/span> en que<\/span> el debate es<\/span> ingobernabilidad<\/span> y que<\/span> la gente<\/span> haciendo<\/span> su<\/span> voluntad<\/span> y expres\u00e1ndose<\/span> en la calle<\/span> es<\/span> alboroto<\/span> p\u00fablico<\/span> e inseguridad<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Seamos<\/span> valientes<\/span>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

En este momento de resquebrajamiento de la realidad occidental, con sus m\u00faltiples fallas, que poco a poco aumentan seg\u00fan repensamos una tradici\u00f3n que en todas sus dimensiones se est\u00e1 quedando limitada y que adem\u00e1s pervierte las intenciones de los que seguimos creyendo en un entendimiento entre los seres humanos; el […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[72],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8782","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-opinion"],"yoast_head":"\nLa importancia de la opini\u00f3n para S\u00f3crates y Hannah Arendt - Revista Rambla<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/la-importancia-de-la-opinion-para-socrates-y-hannah-arendt\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La importancia de la opini\u00f3n para S\u00f3crates y Hannah Arendt - 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