{"id":8742,"date":"2016-02-11T06:33:56","date_gmt":"2016-02-11T06:33:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/el-espionaje-detras-de-la-guerra-global-contra-el-terror\/"},"modified":"2021-04-09T20:44:55","modified_gmt":"2021-04-09T18:44:55","slug":"el-espionaje-detras-de-la-guerra-global-contra-el-terror","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/el-espionaje-detras-de-la-guerra-global-contra-el-terror\/","title":{"rendered":"El espionaje detr\u00e1s de la guerra global contra el terror"},"content":{"rendered":"

George Orwell ya nos advirti\u00f3 cerca de los a\u00f1os 50: vivir en un mundo vigilado, 24 horas, por un gran ojo \u2013o un Gran Hermano- estaba cerca. \u00c9l contextualiz\u00f3 su historia en 1984 y no fue hasta los 2000 que todo aquello se materializ\u00f3 en un Reality Show. No, quiz\u00e1s no era exactamente en Mercedes Mil\u00e0 en lo que pensaba Orwell. Pero una mirada actualizada a la situaci\u00f3n del espionaje y la vigilancia \u2013tanto particular, como masiva- pone de manifiesto que no hace falta un gran ojo para que un gobierno pueda saber en todo momento quien eres, d\u00f3nde est\u00e1s y qu\u00e9 haces.<\/p>\n

\"alt\"<\/p>\n

Lo explican<\/span>, como<\/span> expertos<\/span> en materia<\/span>, tres<\/span> miembros<\/span> de la asociaci\u00f3n<\/span> Criptica<\/span>, una<\/span> organizaci\u00f3n<\/span> nacida<\/span> en el seno<\/span> de una<\/span> de las<\/span> asambleas<\/span> universitarias<\/span> de la Universitat<\/span> Polit\u00e8nica<\/span> de Catalunya<\/span> (UPC<\/span>) y dirigida<\/span>, al principio<\/span>, a otras<\/span> asambleas<\/span> y, ahora<\/span>, a todo<\/span> aquel<\/span> que<\/span> est\u00e9<\/span> interesado<\/span>. Pensando<\/span> en algo<\/span> \u00fatil<\/span> que<\/span> ofrecer<\/span> a este<\/span> target<\/em> se decantaron<\/span> por<\/span> la criptograf\u00eda<\/span>: c\u00f3mo<\/span> protegernos<\/span>, cuidar<\/span> nuestros<\/span> datos<\/span>, hacer<\/span> comunicaciones<\/span> seguras<\/span>, navegar<\/span> por<\/span> Internet de forma privada\u2026<\/span> \u201cEs<\/span> una<\/span> asociaci\u00f3n<\/span> enfocada<\/span> eso<\/span>, a hacer<\/span> talleres<\/span>, fomentar<\/span> la importancia<\/span> del derecho<\/span> a la privacidad<\/span>, alertar<\/span> de los peligros<\/span> de la vigilancia<\/span> y, a la vez<\/span>, crear<\/span> un grupo<\/span> para<\/span> poder<\/span> testar<\/span> nuevas<\/span> herramientas\u201d<\/span>, explica<\/span> Eduard<\/span> Sanou<\/span> como<\/span> uno<\/span> de sus<\/span> miembros<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Porque<\/span> si<\/span> algo<\/span> tienen<\/span> claro<\/span> es<\/span> la peligrosidad<\/span> de la actitud<\/span> de muchos<\/span> actores<\/span> sociales<\/span> con poder<\/span> de vigilancia<\/span> o de recopilaci\u00f3n<\/span> de datos<\/span>. Y as\u00ed<\/span> lo explican<\/span>. Dicen<\/span> que<\/span> hay que<\/span> diferenciar<\/span> entre<\/span> niveles<\/span>, si<\/span> hablamos<\/span> de entes<\/span> interesados<\/span> en colarse<\/span> en la privacidad<\/span> de uno<\/span> mismo<\/span>. \u201cEl nivel<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> alto son las<\/span> agencias<\/span> gubernamentales<\/span> \u2013la NSA<\/span> y los gobiernos<\/span> que<\/span> acceden<\/span> ilegalmente<\/span> a estos<\/span> datos<\/span>-, luego<\/span> est\u00e1n<\/span> las<\/span> grandes<\/span> empresas<\/span>, despu\u00e9s<\/span> los peque\u00f1os<\/span> gobiernos<\/span> y, finalmente<\/span>, el espionaje<\/span> entre<\/span> particulares<\/span> \u2013delincuentes<\/span>, un vecino<\/span>, un investigador<\/span> privado\u2026-\u201c<\/span>, detalla<\/span> Ferran<\/span> Quer<\/span>, otro<\/span> miembro<\/span> de la asociaci\u00f3n<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Adem\u00e1s<\/span>, matiza<\/span> Enric<\/span> Luj\u00e1n<\/span> como<\/span> tercer<\/span> representante<\/span> de Criptica<\/span>, es<\/span> importante<\/span> distinguir<\/span> entre<\/span> vigilancia<\/span> individualizada<\/span> y vigilancia<\/span> masiva<\/span>, que<\/span> es<\/span>, en todo<\/span> caso<\/span>, en lo que<\/span> se centra<\/span> Criptica<\/span> como<\/span> asociaci\u00f3n<\/span>. \u201cIndividualmente<\/span>, el hecho<\/span> de que<\/span> haya<\/span> el filtro<\/span> judicial \u2013\u00f3rdenes<\/span> que<\/span> abalen<\/span> la vigilancia<\/span> o espionaje<\/span> de un gobierno<\/span> a una<\/span> persona- otorga<\/span> ciertas<\/span> garant\u00edas<\/span>, aunque<\/span> sean<\/span> a nivel<\/span> te\u00f3rico\u201d<\/span> explica<\/span> el mismo<\/span> Lujan<\/span> \u201clas<\/span> vigilancias<\/span> masivas<\/span>, por<\/span> el contrario<\/span>, se hacen<\/span> de forma indiscriminada\u201d<\/span>.<\/p>\n

En primer lugar<\/span>, hoy<\/span> en d\u00eda<\/span> hay una<\/span> f\u00e1cil<\/span> justificaci\u00f3n<\/span> a todo<\/span> el espionaje<\/span> que<\/span> lideran<\/span> las<\/span> agencias<\/span> gubernamentales<\/span>: la lucha<\/span> contra el terrorismo<\/span>. Algo<\/span> que<\/span>, para<\/span> ellos<\/span>, es<\/span> una<\/span> especie<\/span> de ilusi\u00f3n<\/span>. Explica<\/span> Sanou<\/span> que<\/span> se confunde<\/span> el hecho<\/span> de poder<\/span> vigilarlo<\/span> todo<\/span> con que<\/span> sea m\u00e1s<\/span> f\u00e1cil<\/span> ubicar<\/span> a terroristas<\/span>. \u201cCuando<\/span> tienes<\/span> tanta<\/span> informaci\u00f3n<\/span> salen<\/span> muchos<\/span> falsos<\/span> positivo\u201d<\/span> explica<\/span> \u201cimagina<\/span> que<\/span> se pone como<\/span> filtro<\/span> que<\/span> todo<\/span> correo<\/span> que<\/span> tenga<\/span> la palabra<\/span> \u2018bomba\u2019<\/span> sea investigado<\/span>, pueden<\/span> haber<\/span> 10.000 correos<\/span> al d\u00eda<\/span> que<\/span> incluyan<\/span> esa<\/span> palabra\u201d<\/span>.<\/p>\n

En segundo<\/span> lugar<\/span>, como<\/span> avanzaban<\/span> estos<\/span> miembros<\/span> de Criptica<\/span>, aparece<\/span> la vigilancia<\/span> de las<\/span> empresas<\/span>. El origen<\/span> de su<\/span> inter\u00e9s<\/span> radica<\/span> en el \u2018Big Data\u2019 \u2013\u201cun concepto<\/span> que<\/span> quiere<\/span> arrastrar<\/span> a gobiernos<\/span> y grandes<\/span> empresas<\/span> a invertir<\/span> dinero<\/span> en \u00e9l\u201d<\/span>, definen<\/span>-. En resumen<\/span>, esto<\/span> abre<\/span> un gran<\/span> mercado<\/span> que<\/span> las<\/span> empresas<\/span> est\u00e1n<\/span> explorando<\/span>. De primeras<\/span>, que<\/span> una<\/span> empresa<\/span> vigile<\/span> a un ciudadano<\/span> o pida<\/span> rellenar<\/span> fichas<\/span> con datos<\/span> personales<\/span>, ya<\/span> sirve<\/span> en empresas<\/span> como<\/span> Google y Facebook para<\/span> ofrecer<\/span> publicidad<\/span> segmentada<\/span>. Pero<\/span> hay mucho<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> all\u00e1<\/span> de incipientes<\/span> modelos<\/span> de negocio<\/span>. Es<\/span> ilustrativo<\/span>, en este<\/span> sentido<\/span>, el caso<\/span> de Change.org. Seg\u00fan<\/span> cuentan<\/span> estos<\/span> expertos<\/span>, la plataforma<\/span> por<\/span> excelencia<\/span> para<\/span> firmar<\/span> peticiones<\/span> reivindicativas<\/span>, en realidad<\/span> vende<\/span> los datos<\/span> de los registrados<\/span> a grandes<\/span> corporaciones<\/span>. En otras<\/span> palabras<\/span>, puede<\/span> ir<\/span> Greenpeace, por<\/span> ejemplo<\/span>, y pedir<\/span> contactos<\/span> de ecologistas<\/span> o de gente<\/span> que<\/span> tenga<\/span> un perfil<\/span> cercano<\/span> al ecologismo<\/span> y pagar<\/span> por<\/span> cada<\/span> uno<\/span> que<\/span> Change.org le proporcione<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Y, yendo<\/span> un poco<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> all\u00e1<\/span>, el usuario<\/span> espiado<\/span> corre<\/span> riesgo<\/span> en cuanto<\/span> a que<\/span> se est\u00e1<\/span> guardando<\/span> mucha<\/span> informaci\u00f3n<\/span> sobre<\/span> \u00e9l<\/span> sin que<\/span> sea consciente<\/span>. \u201cImagina<\/span> que<\/span> uno<\/span> es<\/span> un disidente<\/span> del cual<\/span> una<\/span> empresa<\/span> ha guardado<\/span> una<\/span> informaci\u00f3n<\/span> que<\/span> luego<\/span> pide<\/span> un gobierno\u201d<\/span> comentan<\/span> \u201cimagina<\/span> que<\/span> de golpe<\/span> ahora<\/span> empieza<\/span> un nuevo<\/span> r\u00e9gimen<\/span> \u00bfqu\u00e9<\/span> pasa<\/span>? Imagina<\/span> que<\/span> otra<\/span> empresa<\/span> compra<\/span> la empresa<\/span> que<\/span> almacena<\/span> tus<\/span> datos<\/span> \u00bfQu\u00e9<\/span> pasa<\/span>?\u201d.<\/p>\n

Pero<\/span>, en fin, estamos<\/span> protegidos<\/span> frente<\/span> al terrorismo<\/span>. \u00bfO no? \u201cEs<\/span> una<\/span> situaci\u00f3n<\/span> peligrosa\u201d<\/span>, explica<\/span> Eduard<\/span> Sanou<\/span> \u201cHay ataques<\/span> terroristas<\/span>, los gobiernos<\/span> impulsan<\/span> nuevas<\/span> leyes<\/span> que<\/span> reducen<\/span> los derechos<\/span> para<\/span> poder<\/span> vigilar<\/span> a la ciudadan\u00eda<\/span>, la ciudadan\u00eda<\/span> acepta<\/span> porque<\/span> est\u00e1<\/span> vulnerable en ese<\/span> momento<\/span>. Al final no se capturan<\/span> los terroristas<\/span>, pero<\/span> la ciudadan\u00eda<\/span> ya<\/span> ha perdido<\/span> libertad\u201d<\/span>. Y todo<\/span> esto<\/span>, al final, es<\/span> una<\/span> econom\u00eda<\/span> de guerra<\/span> que<\/span> ofrece<\/span> un nicho<\/span> al mercado<\/span> de la seguridad<\/span>, de las<\/span> c\u00e1maras<\/span> de vigilancia<\/span> privada<\/span> y suced\u00e1neos<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Ahora<\/span>, adem\u00e1s<\/span>, se plantea<\/span> el problema<\/span> en Europa<\/span> de que<\/span>, con tanta<\/span> alarma<\/span> terrorista<\/span>, muchos<\/span> gobiernos<\/span> han<\/span> empezado<\/span> a reivindicar<\/span> agujeros<\/span> de seguridad<\/span> en los sistemas<\/span> que<\/span> van cifrados<\/span> para<\/span> que<\/span> el gobierno<\/span> pueda<\/span> acceder<\/span> a las<\/span> conversaciones<\/span>. \u201cClaro<\/span>, si<\/span> todo<\/span> el mundo<\/span> habla<\/span> de forma cifrada<\/span>, no se puede<\/span> pillar a terroristas\u201d<\/span> explican<\/span> \u201cpero<\/span> si<\/span> los gobiernos<\/span> piden<\/span> que<\/span> los sistemas<\/span> de comunicaci\u00f3n<\/span> tengan<\/span> agujeros<\/span> de seguridad<\/span>, estos<\/span> no s\u00f3lo<\/span> son para<\/span> el gobierno<\/span>, tambi\u00e9n<\/span> son para<\/span> cualquiera<\/span> que<\/span> los localice\u201d<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Mencionan<\/span> la comunicaci\u00f3n<\/span> cifrada<\/span> porque<\/span> es<\/span> una<\/span> de las<\/span> soluciones<\/span> que<\/span> propone Criptica<\/span> como<\/span> receta<\/span> universal de seguridad<\/span>. Si bien<\/span> proponen<\/span> talleres<\/span> especializados<\/span> en funci\u00f3n<\/span> del modelo<\/span> de amenaza<\/span> particular \u2013preparan<\/span> talleres<\/span> para<\/span> tres<\/span> perfiles<\/span>: ciudadano<\/span> corriente<\/span> un poco<\/span> concienciado<\/span> de la importancia<\/span> de la privacidad<\/span>, periodistas<\/span> y activistas<\/span>-, recomiendan<\/span>, a grosso<\/span> modo<\/span><\/em>, ser<\/span> cuidadoso<\/span> con las<\/span> actitudes<\/span> de navegaci\u00f3n<\/span> en Internet y usar<\/span> aplicaciones<\/span> que<\/span> utilicen<\/span> criptograf\u00eda<\/span>. Pero<\/span> no solo eso<\/span>, sino<\/span> que<\/span> sea criptograf\u00eda<\/span> en est\u00e1ndares<\/span> abiertos<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Eso<\/span>, en otras<\/span> palabras<\/span>, quiere<\/span> decir<\/span> buscar<\/span> aplicaciones<\/span> que<\/span> traduzcan<\/span> los mensajes<\/span> que<\/span> escribimos<\/span> en chats, correos<\/span> y dem\u00e1s<\/span>, de manera<\/span> que<\/span> s\u00f3lo<\/span> puedan<\/span> entenderlos<\/span> la persona receptora<\/span>, y no los ojos<\/span> que<\/span> puedan<\/span> haber<\/span> por<\/span> el camino<\/span>. Pero<\/span>, adem\u00e1s<\/span>, que<\/span> el c\u00f3digo<\/span> fuente<\/span> que<\/span> permita<\/span> esta<\/span> receta<\/span>, sea abierto<\/span> para<\/span> que<\/span> puedan<\/span> revisarlo<\/span> y confirmar<\/span> su<\/span> seguridad<\/span> los aficionados que<\/span>, en la sombra<\/span>, no paran<\/span> de crear<\/span> mecanismos<\/span> para<\/span> proteger<\/span> nuestra<\/span> privacidad<\/span>. \u201cCuando<\/span> un c\u00f3digo<\/span> fuente<\/span> es<\/span> abierto<\/span>, lo puede<\/span> leer todo<\/span> el mundo\u201d<\/span> resumen<\/span> los miembros<\/span> de Criptica<\/span> \u201cno hace<\/span> falta<\/span> que<\/span> uno<\/span> sea un experto<\/span>, porque<\/span> hay toda<\/span> una<\/span> comunidad<\/span> detr\u00e1s<\/span> que<\/span> lo estudia\u201d<\/span>.<\/p>\n

As\u00ed<\/span> pues<\/span>, un buen<\/span> consejo<\/span> general es<\/span> investigar<\/span> las<\/span> alternativas<\/span> que<\/span> ofrece<\/span> el mercado<\/span>. En vez<\/span> de Whatsapp<\/span>, Signal. En vez<\/span> de Gmail, Posteo<\/span>. O cualquier<\/span> otro<\/span> que<\/span> cumpla<\/span> dichas<\/span> caracter\u00edsticas<\/span>. Los interlocutores<\/span> son conscientes<\/span> de que<\/span> estas<\/span> herramientas<\/span> cuestan<\/span> dinero<\/span> \u2013aunque<\/span> sea 1 euro al mes<\/span>, a lo sumo- y que<\/span> complican<\/span> la vida<\/span> de los usuarios<\/span> que<\/span> tienen<\/span> a todos<\/span> los amigos y todo<\/span> lo que<\/span> les interesa<\/span> en Google. Dicen<\/span>, frente<\/span> a ello<\/span>, que<\/span> \u201ces<\/span> preferible<\/span> pagar<\/span> 1 euro al mes<\/span> y sentirse<\/span> tranquilo<\/span> no haciendo<\/span> que<\/span> Google tenga<\/span> tus<\/span> datos\u201d<\/span> o que<\/span> \u201cdebemos<\/span> ser<\/span> conscientes<\/span> de que<\/span> hay mucha<\/span> gente<\/span> trabajando<\/span> para<\/span> las<\/span> tecnolog\u00edas<\/span> libres<\/span> e incluso<\/span> montando<\/span> servidores<\/span> que<\/span> viven<\/span> de donaciones\u201d<\/span>. Por<\/span> eso<\/span> consideran<\/span> importante<\/span> divulgar<\/span> el uso<\/span> de aplicaciones<\/span> alternativas<\/span> como<\/span> las<\/span> arriba<\/span> mencionadas<\/span>.<\/p>\n

En resumen<\/span>, no se trata<\/span> tanto<\/span> de dejar<\/span> del todo<\/span> Facebook o Whatsapp<\/span>, sino<\/span> de adoptar<\/span> tambi\u00e9n<\/span> herramientas<\/span> alternativas<\/span> y, con todos<\/span> los que<\/span> quieran<\/span> dar<\/span> el paso<\/span>, comunicarnos<\/span> mayoritariamente<\/span> a trav\u00e9s<\/span> de las<\/span> segundas<\/span>. Y que<\/span> todo<\/span> se convierta<\/span> en un proceso<\/span> de migraci\u00f3n<\/span> in crescendo<\/em>. Ah y, por<\/span> supuesto<\/span>, ir<\/span> a los talleres<\/span> que<\/span> organiza<\/span> Criptica<\/span>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

George Orwell ya nos advirti\u00f3 cerca de los a\u00f1os 50: vivir en un mundo vigilado, 24 horas, por un gran ojo \u2013o un Gran Hermano- estaba cerca. \u00c9l contextualiz\u00f3 su historia en 1984 y no fue hasta los 2000 que todo aquello se materializ\u00f3 en un Reality Show. No, quiz\u00e1s […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,76],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8742","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-actualidad","category-barcelona"],"yoast_head":"\nEl espionaje detr\u00e1s de la guerra global contra el terror - Revista Rambla<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/el-espionaje-detras-de-la-guerra-global-contra-el-terror\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"El espionaje detr\u00e1s de la guerra global contra el terror - Revista Rambla\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"George Orwell ya nos advirti\u00f3 cerca de los a\u00f1os 50: vivir en un mundo vigilado, 24 horas, por un gran ojo \u2013o un Gran Hermano- estaba cerca. \u00c9l contextualiz\u00f3 su historia en 1984 y no fue hasta los 2000 que todo aquello se materializ\u00f3 en un Reality Show. 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