{"id":8629,"date":"2016-01-08T06:59:21","date_gmt":"2016-01-08T06:59:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/drones-tan-juguetes-como-maquinas-de-matar\/"},"modified":"2021-04-10T18:23:11","modified_gmt":"2021-04-10T16:23:11","slug":"drones-tan-juguetes-como-maquinas-de-matar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/drones-tan-juguetes-como-maquinas-de-matar\/","title":{"rendered":"Drones, tan juguetes como m\u00e1quinas de matar"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cEl sentimiento de incredulidad generado por este encuentro es el mismo que todo el mundo suele tener al enfrentarse con la extra\u00f1a figura del dron\u201d. Seres que parecen juguetes. Elegantes, incluso. Entra\u00f1ables, quiz\u00e1s. Realidad y mentira: son tan mutaciones de un avi\u00f3n teledirigido, como una de las armas m\u00e1s peligrosas del mundo actual. El dron no es nada en s\u00ed mismo, pero puede ser cualquier cosa. Estos artilugios son todas sus aplicaciones, bien sean sociales, militares, l\u00fadicas\u2026 Pero entonces, \u00bfqu\u00e9 es un dron?<\/p>\n

\"alt\"<\/p>\n

\u201cLo mejor<\/span> para<\/span> entender<\/span> qu\u00e9<\/span> es<\/span> un dron<\/span> es<\/span> asemejarlo<\/span> a un avi\u00f3n<\/span> teledirigido<\/span> al que<\/span> se le han<\/span> a\u00f1adido<\/span> tecnolog\u00edas<\/span> para<\/span> hacerlo<\/span> incre\u00edblemente<\/span> potente<\/span>, mucho<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> eficiente<\/span> y perfeccionado\u201d<\/span>. Lo explica<\/span> Enric<\/span> Luj\u00e1n<\/span>, polit\u00f3logo<\/span> y autor<\/span> del libro<\/span> Drones, sombras<\/span> de la guerra<\/span> contra el terror<\/em>. Los elementos<\/span> de los que<\/span> habla<\/span> son c\u00e1maras<\/span> de alta<\/span> definici\u00f3n<\/span> y nuevas<\/span> tecnolog\u00edas<\/span> de la informaci\u00f3n<\/span> y la comunicaci\u00f3n<\/span> que<\/span> hacen<\/span> que<\/span> las<\/span> se\u00f1ales<\/span>, im\u00e1genes<\/span> o ruidos<\/span> recogidos<\/span> por<\/span> este<\/span> gadget<\/em> se transporten<\/span> a un lugar<\/span> determinado<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Pero<\/span>, como<\/span> bien<\/span> se ocupa<\/span> Luj\u00e1n<\/span> de matizar<\/span> en su<\/span> libro<\/span>, aquello<\/span> que<\/span> determina<\/span> la funci\u00f3n<\/span> de los drones, as\u00ed<\/span> como<\/span> el alcance<\/span> de su<\/span> poder<\/span>, es<\/span> el uso<\/span> que<\/span> se les de.<\/p>\n

As\u00ed<\/span>, lo que<\/span> en este<\/span> volumen<\/span> se presenta<\/span> como<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> importante<\/span> \u2013por<\/span> temible<\/span> y amenazante<\/span>– es<\/span> el papel<\/span> de este<\/span> artilugio<\/span> como<\/span> arma<\/span> de guerra<\/span>. Y es<\/span> que<\/span>, cada<\/span> vez<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span>, estos<\/span> aparatos<\/span> se est\u00e1n<\/span> convirtiendo<\/span> en el armamento<\/span> principal en la guerra<\/span> global contra el terror. Aunque<\/span> de una<\/span> forma, como<\/span> poco<\/span>, parad\u00f3jica<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Lo explica<\/span>, apasionado<\/span>, Enric<\/span> Luj\u00e1n<\/span>. \u201cHay mucha<\/span> ambig\u00fcedad<\/span> en los ataques<\/span> con drones\u201d. Se refiere<\/span> a que<\/span> algunos<\/span> se reconocen<\/span>, pero<\/span> otros<\/span> no. Adem\u00e1s<\/span>, supone<\/span> la perpetuaci\u00f3n<\/span> de una<\/span> concepci\u00f3n<\/span> muy<\/span> arraigada<\/span> socialmente<\/span>: la de la eficiencia<\/span> y virtuosidad<\/span> de una<\/span> guerra<\/span> limpia<\/span> por<\/span> el simple hecho<\/span> de desarrollarse<\/span> en campo<\/span> de batalla<\/span> a\u00e9reo<\/span>. Lo que<\/span> ocurre<\/span> es<\/span> que<\/span> \u201cse persigue<\/span> desarrollar<\/span> una<\/span> guerra<\/span> que<\/span> no suscite<\/span> tanta<\/span> negatividad<\/span> en la opini\u00f3n<\/span> p\u00fablica\u201d<\/span> explica<\/span> Luj\u00e1n<\/span>, porque<\/span> \u201clos pa\u00edses<\/span> y potencias<\/span> necesitan<\/span> seguir<\/span> perpetuando<\/span> guerras<\/span> por<\/span> sus<\/span> intereses<\/span> econ\u00f3micos<\/span> y geopol\u00edticos\u201d<\/span>. Y si<\/span> eso<\/span> puede<\/span> hacerse<\/span> sin muertes<\/span> en masa<\/span> del ej\u00e9rcito<\/span> nacional<\/span> o reduciendo<\/span> las<\/span> bajas<\/span> civiles<\/span> colaterales<\/span>, pr\u00e1cticamente<\/span> se mitiga<\/span> el desd\u00e9n<\/span> de la opini\u00f3n<\/span> p\u00fablica<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Esto<\/span> no es<\/span> algo<\/span> nuevo<\/span>. Ya<\/span> en la Primera<\/span> Guerra Mundial<\/span> se usaban<\/span> drones, si<\/span> entendemos<\/span> como<\/span> tal<\/span> globos<\/span> aerost\u00e1ticos<\/span> cargados<\/span> de bombas<\/span> que<\/span> depend\u00edan<\/span> del viento<\/span> para<\/span> llegar<\/span> a su<\/span> destino<\/span>. Enric<\/span> Luj\u00e1n<\/span> explica<\/span> que<\/span> se usaron<\/span> all\u00ed<\/span> y se usaron<\/span> en Vietnam \u2013en este<\/span> caso<\/span> solo para<\/span> tareas<\/span> de vigilancia<\/span>-. \u201cEsta<\/span> idea de matar<\/span> desde<\/span> la distancia<\/span> sin someterse<\/span> a fuego<\/span> enemigo<\/span> existe<\/span> desde<\/span> el s.XX\u201d, explica<\/span> el polit\u00f3logo<\/span>. \u00a0Y a\u00fan<\/span> hay m\u00e1s<\/span>. De hecho<\/span>, ya<\/span> Plat\u00f3n<\/span> con la historia<\/span> del anillo<\/span> de Giges<\/span>, o, incluso<\/span>, la saga del Se\u00f1or<\/span> de los Anillos<\/span>, parten<\/span> de la misma<\/span> concepci\u00f3n<\/span> que<\/span> los drones: golpear<\/span> sin ser<\/span> golpeado<\/span>, ver<\/span> sin ser<\/span> visto<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Y hasta<\/span> aqu\u00ed<\/span>, no tendr\u00eda<\/span> por<\/span> qu\u00e9<\/span> ser<\/span> malo<\/span>. Incluso<\/span> podr\u00edamos<\/span> pensar<\/span> en una<\/span> mejora<\/span> de las<\/span> secuelas<\/span> de los militares<\/span> implicados<\/span> en la guerra<\/span>: con el ataque<\/span> \u2013y consecuentes<\/span> muertes<\/span>– a distancia<\/span> podr\u00edan<\/span> reducirse<\/span> los niveles<\/span> de Estress<\/span> Posttraum\u00e1tico<\/span> que<\/span> reinan<\/span> en el seno<\/span> de la operativa<\/span> militar<\/span>. Deducci\u00f3n<\/span> err\u00f3nea<\/span>, explica<\/span> Enric<\/span> Luj\u00e1n<\/span>. Gran mentira<\/span>, asegura<\/span> el mismo<\/span>. Lo detalla<\/span> as\u00ed<\/span>:<\/p>\n

Una<\/span> red de pantallas<\/span> capaz<\/span> de proveer<\/span> im\u00e1genes<\/span> en tiempo<\/span> real y con alta<\/span> calidad<\/span> de detalles<\/span> no <\/em>despersonalizala<\/em><\/span> guerra<\/span> (como<\/span> creen<\/span> los discursos<\/span> simplistas<\/span> sobre<\/span> la guerra<\/span> \u201cvideojuego\u201d<\/span>), al contrario<\/span>, se convierten<\/span> en algo<\/span> <\/em>insoportablemente<\/span> personal. \u201cSeguimos<\/span> a la gente<\/span> durante<\/span> meses<\/span>. Los vemos<\/span> jugar<\/span> con sus<\/span> perros<\/span> o haciendo<\/span> la colada. Incluso<\/span> vamos<\/span> a sus<\/span> funerales\u201d<\/span> comenta<\/span> un veterano<\/span> piloto<\/span>. <\/em><\/p>\n

\"alt\"Para ello<\/span>, continua Enric<\/span> Luj\u00e1n<\/span>, \u201cse est\u00e1<\/span> estudiando<\/span> abstractizar<\/span> las<\/span> im\u00e1genes<\/span> que<\/span> ven<\/span> los militares<\/span> detr\u00e1s<\/span> de los drones: que<\/span> en vez<\/span> de una<\/span> persona, se vea<\/span> un tri\u00e1ngulo<\/span> amarillo<\/span> que<\/span> pase<\/span> a rojo<\/span> cuando<\/span> dispare<\/span>, eso<\/span> si<\/span> que<\/span> es<\/span> deshumanizar\u201d<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Porque<\/span> un dron<\/span> no vuela<\/span> solo. Hay cientos<\/span> de miles de militares<\/span> detr\u00e1s<\/span>: hay centros<\/span> de control, de pr\u00e1ctica<\/span>, de visualizaci\u00f3n<\/span>, de registro<\/span> de datos<\/span>, de operaci\u00f3n\u2026<\/span> Hay pilotos<\/span> militares<\/span> especializados<\/span>. Y todo<\/span> eso<\/span> no ser\u00eda<\/span> posible<\/span> sin la estrecha<\/span> colaboraci\u00f3n<\/span> de la NSA<\/span>, como<\/span> profundiza<\/span> el autor<\/span> del libro<\/span>. \u201cLo interesante<\/span> de todo<\/span> esto<\/span> es<\/span> que<\/span> toda<\/span> la informaci\u00f3n<\/span> de inteligencia<\/span> que<\/span> recoge<\/span> la NSA<\/span> se utiliza<\/span> para<\/span> ejecutar<\/span> los ataques\u201d<\/span>, comenta<\/span>. \u00bfC\u00f3mo<\/span>? \u201cB\u00e1sicamente<\/span>, pinchando<\/span> tel\u00e9fonos<\/span> m\u00f3viles\u201d<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Lo explica<\/span> el mismo<\/span> Enric<\/span> Luj\u00e1n<\/span> en un art\u00edculo<\/span> en el blog Paz, en construcci\u00f3n<\/span><\/em>: \u201cDe hecho<\/span>, la NSA<\/span> ha llegado<\/span> al punto<\/span> de desplegar<\/span> sus<\/span> propios<\/span> drones de vigilancia<\/span> en las<\/span> zonas<\/span> de combate<\/span>, los cuales<\/span> incorporan<\/span> aparatos<\/span> que<\/span> simulan<\/span> ser<\/span> antenas<\/span> de telefon\u00eda<\/span> para<\/span> poder<\/span> geolocalizar<\/span> tarjetas<\/span> SIM<\/span> en tiempo<\/span> real, en el marco<\/span> de su<\/span> programa<\/span> GILGAMESH\u201d. Los datos<\/span> proporcionados<\/span> por<\/span> este<\/span> joven<\/span> apasionado<\/span> de los drones afirman<\/span> que<\/span>, en la NSA<\/span>, cada<\/span> empleado<\/span> vigila<\/span> a 10.000 personas aproximadamente<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Esto<\/span> no es<\/span> algo<\/span> que<\/span> ignoren<\/span> las<\/span> personas vigiladas<\/span> y, de hecho<\/span>, ya<\/span> tienen<\/span> modelos<\/span> de actuaci\u00f3n<\/span> establecidos<\/span> para<\/span> evitarlo<\/span>. Dirigentes<\/span> de grupos<\/span> terroristas<\/span> como<\/span> el ISIS y sus<\/span> familias<\/span> saben<\/span> que<\/span> se les localiza<\/span> a trav\u00e9s<\/span> de su<\/span> tel\u00e9fono<\/span> m\u00f3vil<\/span> y, consecuentemente<\/span>, que<\/span> pueden<\/span> ser<\/span> asesinados<\/span> a trav\u00e9s<\/span> de un dron<\/span>. Para ellos<\/span> un m\u00f3vil<\/span> no es<\/span> lo mismo<\/span> que<\/span> para<\/span> nosotros<\/span>. No es<\/span> un objeto<\/span> personal donde<\/span> archivar<\/span> correos<\/span>, recados<\/span>, notas<\/span>, direcciones<\/span> o n\u00fameros<\/span> de familiares<\/span> y amigos; puede<\/span> ser<\/span> el acceso<\/span> directo<\/span> a una<\/span> muerte<\/span> inesperada<\/span>. As\u00ed<\/span>, los talibanes<\/span>, soldados<\/span> del ISIS y familiares<\/span>, tal<\/span> como<\/span> explica<\/span> Enric<\/span> Luj\u00e1n<\/span>, tienen<\/span> por<\/span> costumbre<\/span> mezclar<\/span> las<\/span> tarjetas<\/span> SIM<\/span> de sus<\/span> tel\u00e9fonos<\/span> en sacos<\/span> ciegos<\/span> antes de empezar<\/span> cada<\/span> reuni\u00f3n<\/span> y, al t\u00e9rmino<\/span> de la misma<\/span>, coger<\/span> cualquiera<\/span> al azar<\/span>. Todo<\/span> por<\/span> su<\/span> propia<\/span> seguridad<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u201cPor<\/span> eso<\/span> es<\/span> tan criminal lo que<\/span> han<\/span> hecho<\/span> las<\/span> agencias\u201d<\/span> dice \u201ctoda<\/span> esta<\/span> informaci\u00f3n<\/span> la sab\u00edan<\/span>, tanto<\/span> en Charlie Hebdo<\/span> como<\/span> en los atentados<\/span>: los culpables<\/span> estaban<\/span> en las<\/span> listas<\/span> de sospechosos<\/span> de todo<\/span> el mundo<\/span> y les dio<\/span> igual\u201d<\/span>. Y sigue<\/span>, contundente<\/span>: \u201cCada<\/span> vez<\/span> pasan<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> cosas<\/span> como<\/span> estas<\/span> por<\/span> la ineficacia<\/span> e ineficiencia<\/span> de unas<\/span> entidades<\/span> que<\/span> quieren<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> y m\u00e1s<\/span> poder\u201d<\/span>.<\/p>\n

En este<\/span> sentido<\/span>, en el futuro<\/span> se perciben<\/span> unas<\/span> campa\u00f1as<\/span> militares<\/span> tradicionales<\/span> en progresiva<\/span> decadencia<\/span>. Adem\u00e1s<\/span> de, como<\/span> bien<\/span> explica<\/span> Enric<\/span> Luj\u00e1n<\/span> en su<\/span> libro<\/span>, dejar<\/span> paso<\/span> a drones automatizados<\/span> sin la necesidad<\/span> de involucrar<\/span> a militares<\/span>. Cosa<\/span> que<\/span>, sorprendentemente<\/span>, el entrevistado<\/span> no condena<\/span>. Se explica<\/span>: \u201cYo<\/span> impugno<\/span> completamente<\/span> los drones militares<\/span>, sean<\/span> pilotados<\/span> o no, lo que<\/span> sabemos<\/span> es<\/span> que<\/span> en efecto<\/span> los seres<\/span> humanos<\/span> somos<\/span> capaces<\/span> de lo mejor<\/span> \u2013sentir<\/span> empat\u00eda<\/span>, simpat\u00eda<\/span> y elegir<\/span> no disparar<\/span>– pero<\/span> tambi\u00e9n<\/span> de lo peor<\/span> \u2013del rencor<\/span>, del odio<\/span>, de motivaciones<\/span> irracionales<\/span> que<\/span> una<\/span> m\u00e1quina<\/span> no tendr\u00eda-\u201d<\/span>. No obvia<\/span>, por<\/span> supuesto<\/span>, el otro<\/span> lado<\/span>: todo<\/span> esto<\/span> dificultar\u00eda<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> la atribuci\u00f3n<\/span> de culpabilidades<\/span>. Algo<\/span> ya<\/span> muy<\/span> dif\u00edcil<\/span> actualmente<\/span>.<\/p>\n

As\u00ed<\/span> pues<\/span>, el \u201cjuguete<\/span> de moda\u201d<\/span> esconde<\/span> en \u00e9l<\/span> una<\/span> m\u00e1quina<\/span> de matar<\/span>. Incluso<\/span> en su<\/span> vertiente<\/span> juguetona<\/span><\/em> existen<\/span> contrariedades<\/span>. Aqu\u00ed<\/span> en Espa\u00f1a<\/span> se pueden<\/span> comprar<\/span> drones a trav\u00e9s<\/span> de cualquier<\/span> medio<\/span>, pero<\/span> est\u00e1<\/span> prohibido<\/span> usarlos<\/span> en per\u00edmetro<\/span> urbano<\/span>. En el campo<\/span> s\u00ed<\/span>, siempre<\/span> y cuando<\/span> se disponga<\/span> del carn\u00e9<\/span> de piloto<\/span> de drones. Algo<\/span> que<\/span> ya<\/span> se oferta<\/span> en seg\u00fan<\/span> qu\u00e9<\/span> autoescuelas<\/span>. As\u00ed<\/span>, la legislaci\u00f3n<\/span> en este<\/span> \u00e1mbito<\/span> es<\/span> muy<\/span> ambivalente<\/span>. Algo<\/span>, no obstante<\/span>, que<\/span> no ha impedido<\/span> a Espa\u00f1a<\/span> vetar<\/span> el acceso<\/span> a estos<\/span> dispositivos<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Sin ir<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> lejos<\/span>, el presupuesto<\/span> de defensa<\/span> espa\u00f1ol<\/span> de 2016 contempla<\/span> la compra<\/span> de 4 drones Reaper (modelo<\/span> avanzado<\/span> del Predator), de los cuales<\/span> dos ya<\/span> estar\u00e1n<\/span> entre<\/span> nosotros<\/span> este<\/span> a\u00f1o<\/span> que<\/span> justo<\/span> empieza<\/span>. \u201cLo interesante<\/span> es<\/span> que<\/span>, al tener<\/span> tantas<\/span> aplicaciones<\/span> sociales<\/span> no sabremos<\/span> para<\/span> qu\u00e9<\/span> los utilizaran\u201d<\/span> cabila<\/span> Luj\u00e1n<\/span>. Puede<\/span> que<\/span> para<\/span> vigilancia<\/span> en Melilla<\/span>, Siria<\/span>, \u00c1frica\u2026<\/span> \u201cFaltar\u00eda<\/span> ver<\/span> si<\/span> aut\u00f3nomamente<\/span> el estado<\/span> espa\u00f1ol<\/span> tiene<\/span> listas<\/span> de gente<\/span> a quien<\/span> asesinar<\/span>, pero<\/span> a m\u00ed<\/span> me parecer\u00eda<\/span> raro<\/span>: lo que<\/span> s\u00ed<\/span> veo<\/span> es<\/span> una<\/span> lista<\/span> compartida<\/span> de gente<\/span> asesinada<\/span> a escala<\/span> europea\u201d<\/span>. En otras<\/span> palabras<\/span>: Espa\u00f1a<\/span> no har\u00e1<\/span> nada aut\u00f3nomamente<\/span>, pero<\/span>, en conjunci\u00f3n<\/span> con otros<\/span> pa\u00edses<\/span>, s\u00ed<\/span>.<\/p>\n

La apuesta<\/span> de este<\/span> polit\u00f3logo<\/span> es<\/span> clara<\/span>: en un futuro<\/span> pr\u00f3ximo<\/span> ser\u00e1n<\/span> los drones qui\u00e9nes<\/span> vigilen<\/span> la frontera<\/span> con Melilla<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\"alt\"<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cEl sentimiento de incredulidad generado por este encuentro es el mismo que todo el mundo suele tener al enfrentarse con la extra\u00f1a figura del dron\u201d. Seres que parecen juguetes. Elegantes, incluso. Entra\u00f1ables, quiz\u00e1s. Realidad y mentira: son tan mutaciones de un avi\u00f3n teledirigido, como una de las armas m\u00e1s peligrosas […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,60],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8629","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cultura","category-libros"],"yoast_head":"\nDrones, tan juguetes como m\u00e1quinas de matar - Revista Rambla<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/drones-tan-juguetes-como-maquinas-de-matar\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Drones, tan juguetes como m\u00e1quinas de matar - Revista Rambla\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201cEl sentimiento de incredulidad generado por este encuentro es el mismo que todo el mundo suele tener al enfrentarse con la extra\u00f1a figura del dron\u201d. Seres que parecen juguetes. Elegantes, incluso. Entra\u00f1ables, quiz\u00e1s. 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