{"id":6881,"date":"2015-02-23T03:14:32","date_gmt":"2015-02-23T03:14:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\/"},"modified":"2024-06-29T12:57:43","modified_gmt":"2024-06-29T10:57:43","slug":"icontra-quien-guerrea-espana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00bfContra qui\u00e9n guerrea Espa\u00f1a?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Inercia<\/span>, despilfarro<\/span> y enga\u00f1o<\/span> en el gasto<\/span> militar<\/span> espa\u00f1ol<\/span><\/em>. Un t\u00edtulo<\/span> contundente<\/span> \u2013y sugerente<\/span> en funci\u00f3n<\/span> de su<\/span> contundencia\u2013<\/span> para<\/span> el nuevo<\/span> informe<\/span> del barcelon\u00e9s<\/span> Centre Del\u00e0s<\/span> de estudios<\/span> para<\/span> la paz<\/span><\/a>, en el que<\/span> se analiza<\/span> el desequilibrio<\/span> entre<\/span> las<\/span> cuentas<\/span> oficiales<\/span> y reales<\/span> del gasto<\/span> militar<\/span> espa\u00f1ol<\/span>. Media entre<\/span> ambos<\/span> c\u00f3mputos<\/span> el mismo<\/span> abismo<\/span> que<\/span> separa<\/span> la verdad<\/span> de la mentira<\/span> o la moralidad<\/span> del oprobio<\/span>, y hasta<\/span> su<\/span> sima<\/span> alcanza<\/span> la sombra<\/span> de la corrupci\u00f3n<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"gasto<\/a><\/p>\n

Para empezar<\/span>, habr\u00eda<\/span> que<\/span> distinguir<\/span> entre<\/span> las<\/span> dos formas<\/span> de financiaci\u00f3n<\/span> que<\/span> actualmente<\/span> tienen<\/span> las<\/span> fuerzas<\/span> armadas espa\u00f1olas<\/span>: la oficial<\/span> y la paraoficial<\/span><\/em>, valga<\/span> la licencia<\/span>. La primera<\/span> corresponde<\/span> a los fondos<\/span> que<\/span> los presupuestos<\/span> generales<\/span> del Estado<\/span> asignan<\/span> a los ej\u00e9rcitos<\/span> de Tierra y Aire<\/span> y a la Armada. La segunda<\/span>, las<\/span> aportaciones<\/span> dinerarias<\/span> que<\/span> anualmente<\/span> y en n\u00famero<\/span> variable se realizan<\/span> fuera<\/span> de los presupuestos<\/span> (por<\/span> lo tanto<\/span>, no hay una<\/span> cantidad<\/span> fija<\/span> para<\/span> ellas<\/span>), mediante<\/span> cr\u00e9ditos<\/span> extraordinarios<\/span> concedidos<\/span> por<\/span> Real Decreto<\/span> Ley<\/span>, ordenamiento<\/span> que<\/span> el gobierno<\/span> dispone<\/span> de modo<\/span> directo<\/span>, sin necesidad<\/span> de que<\/span> sea aprobado<\/span> por<\/span> el Congreso<\/span> de los Diputados<\/span>. Ocurre<\/span> todos<\/span> los a\u00f1os<\/span> que<\/span> esa<\/span> cantidad<\/span> paraoficial<\/span><\/em> supera<\/span> con creces<\/span> el presupuesto<\/span> inicialmente<\/span> asignado<\/span> a la Defensa<\/span> (en los \u00faltimos<\/span> ejercicios<\/span>, en torno<\/span> a un 30 % anual<\/span>). De modo<\/span> que<\/span> el presupuesto<\/span> militar<\/span> espa\u00f1ol<\/span> carece<\/span> de antemano<\/span> de una<\/span> virtud<\/span> matem\u00e1tica<\/span>, como<\/span> es<\/span> la exactitud<\/span>, y de una<\/span> virtud<\/span> pol\u00edtica<\/span>, como<\/span> es<\/span> la veracidad<\/span>. Y a la vista de su<\/span> volumen<\/span> real, nos coloca<\/span> en la disyuntiva<\/span> de si<\/span> estamos<\/span> en guerra<\/span> (\u00bfcontra qui\u00e9n<\/span>?) o si<\/span> somos<\/span> v\u00edctimas<\/span> de otro<\/span> monumental esc\u00e1ndalo<\/span> econ\u00f3mico<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00bfUn ej\u00e9rcito desproporcionado?<\/h2>\n

Puesto<\/span> el lector en antecedentes<\/span>, ocup\u00e9monos<\/span> primeramente<\/span> del gasto<\/span> militar<\/span> oficial<\/span>, el computado<\/span> en los presupuestos<\/span> estatales<\/span>, que<\/span> en 2015 se ve<\/span> incrementado<\/span> por<\/span> primera<\/span> vez<\/span> desde<\/span> 2008, cuando<\/span> empez\u00f3<\/span> la crisis econ\u00f3mica<\/span> que<\/span> a\u00fan<\/span> padece<\/span> el pa\u00eds<\/span> por<\/span> mucho<\/span> que<\/span> la letan\u00eda<\/span> oficial<\/span> lo desmienta<\/span>. En concreto<\/span>, ser\u00e1n<\/span> un total de 6.583,85 millones<\/span> de euros<\/span> dedicados<\/span> a la defensa<\/span>, un 1,1 % m\u00e1s<\/span> que<\/span> en los presupuestos<\/span> de 2014.<\/p>\n

De la cantidad<\/span> reci\u00e9n<\/span> transcrita<\/span>, la mayor partida<\/span> detallada<\/span> corresponde<\/span> al gasto<\/span> de personal: tropa<\/span> y mandos<\/span> representan<\/span> 4.503,12 millones<\/span> de euros<\/span> (el 65,7 %). Una<\/span> dedicaci\u00f3n<\/span> que<\/span> parece<\/span> l\u00f3gica\u2026<\/span> pero<\/span> tal<\/span> vez<\/span> no lo sea tanto<\/span>, en atenci\u00f3n<\/span> a la necesidad<\/span> real de efectivos<\/span>. Las fuerzas<\/span> armadas espa\u00f1olas<\/span> sumaban<\/span> en enero<\/span> de 2015 un total de 122.256 miembros<\/span> entre<\/span> mandos<\/span> y tropa<\/span>, cuando<\/span> c\u00e1lculos<\/span> oficiales<\/span> del ministerio<\/span> del ramo<\/span> \u2013citados<\/span> por<\/span> el Centre Del\u00e0s\u2013<\/span> han<\/span> estimado<\/span> que<\/span> las<\/span> necesidades<\/span> b\u00e1sicas<\/span> de la defensa<\/span> estar\u00edan<\/span> cubiertas<\/span> con un contingente<\/span> de apenas<\/span> 27.000 militares<\/span>, destinados<\/span> del siguiente<\/span> modo<\/span>: 12.000 para<\/span> la seguridad<\/span> interna<\/span> y vigilancia<\/span> del espacio<\/span> mar\u00edtimo<\/span> y a\u00e9reo<\/span>, y 15.000 para<\/span> las<\/span> misiones<\/span> en el exterior a que<\/span> obligan<\/span> los compromisos<\/span> contra\u00eddos<\/span> con las<\/span> Naciones<\/span> Unidas<\/span>, la OTAN<\/span> y el Euroej\u00e9rcito<\/span>. \u00bfPara qu\u00e9<\/span>, entonces<\/span>, tan abultado<\/span> personal?<\/p>\n

(En una<\/span> de sus<\/span> primeras<\/span> y m\u00e1s<\/span> pol\u00e9micas<\/span> actuaciones<\/span>, el gobierno<\/span> provisional de la Segunda<\/span> Rep\u00fablica<\/span> espa\u00f1ola<\/span> emprendi\u00f3<\/span> la reforma<\/span> militar<\/span>, all\u00e1<\/span> por<\/span> 1931, a instancias<\/span> del ministro<\/span> de la Guerra y futuro<\/span> presidente<\/span> de la Rep\u00fablica<\/span>, Manuel Aza\u00f1a<\/span>. Seg\u00fan<\/span> sus<\/span> c\u00e1lculos<\/span>, la plantilla<\/span> de 800 generales<\/span> con que<\/span> contaba<\/span> entonces<\/span> las<\/span> fuerzas<\/span> armadas espa\u00f1olas<\/span> pod\u00eda<\/span> reducirse<\/span> a tan solo 80, y hab\u00eda<\/span> que<\/span> minorar<\/span> el plantel<\/span> de 21.000 jefes<\/span> y oficiales<\/span> a menos<\/span> de 10.000. En nuestros<\/span> d\u00edas<\/span>, las<\/span> plantillas<\/span> militares<\/span> no alcanzan<\/span> aquellos<\/span> extremos<\/span> rid\u00edculos<\/span>, pero<\/span> todav\u00eda<\/span> adolecen<\/span> de una<\/span> notoria<\/span> desproporci\u00f3n<\/span>.)<\/p>\n

Con respecto<\/span> a las<\/span> misiones<\/span> en el exterior reci\u00e9n<\/span> citadas<\/span>, Espa\u00f1a<\/span> mantiene<\/span> tropas<\/span> en 2015, seg\u00fan<\/span> la p\u00e1gina<\/span> web del Ministerio<\/span> de Defensa<\/span>, en Bosnia-Herzegovina, Afganist\u00e1n<\/span>, L\u00edbano<\/span>, Cuerno<\/span> de \u00c1frica<\/span> (misi\u00f3n<\/span> aeronaval<\/span> contra la pirater\u00eda<\/span>), Somalia (para<\/span> el entrenamiento<\/span> de personal militar<\/span> somal\u00ed<\/span>), Mal\u00ed<\/span> y Rep\u00fablica<\/span> Centroafricana<\/span>. Los presupuestos<\/span> del Estado<\/span> les asignan<\/span> 14,36 millones<\/span> de euros<\/span> para<\/span> 2015, pero<\/span> en los tres<\/span> ejercicios<\/span> anteriores<\/span> su<\/span> factura<\/span> super\u00f3<\/span> los 700 millones<\/span> anuales<\/span> (y m\u00e1s<\/span> de 800 en 2011). Por<\/span> lo tanto<\/span>, la financiaci\u00f3n<\/span> de estas<\/span> actividades<\/span> ser\u00eda<\/span> imposible<\/span> sin las<\/span> generosas<\/span> transferencias<\/span> procedentes<\/span> del Fondo<\/span> de Contingencias<\/span> de el Estado<\/span> dispone<\/span> para<\/span> enfrentarse<\/span> a gastos<\/span> imprevistos<\/span>.<\/p>\n

El derroche de los Programas Especiales de Armamento<\/h2>\n

De cualquier<\/span> modo<\/span>, el gran<\/span> sumidero<\/span> por<\/span> el que<\/span> se desangran<\/span> las<\/span> cuentas<\/span> de la defensa<\/span> espa\u00f1ola<\/span> no est\u00e1<\/span> en las<\/span> retribuciones<\/span> a su<\/span> personal o en las<\/span> misiones<\/span> exteriores<\/span>, sino<\/span> en los Programas<\/span> Especiales<\/span> de Armamentos<\/span> (PEAS), cuya<\/span> valoraci\u00f3n<\/span> resulta<\/span> cuando<\/span> menos<\/span> dudosa<\/span>. Seg\u00fan<\/span> los Presupuestos<\/span><\/a> Generales<\/span> del Estado<\/span> para<\/span> 2015, las<\/span> arcas<\/span> p\u00fablicas<\/span> prev\u00e9n<\/span> un desembolso<\/span> en este<\/span> concepto<\/span> de 6,84 millones<\/span> de euros\u2026<\/span> Pura<\/span> calderilla<\/span> si<\/span> se coteja<\/span> con las<\/span> previsiones<\/span> del Ministerio<\/span> de Defensa<\/span>, cuya<\/span> programaci\u00f3n<\/span> de pagos<\/span> del presente<\/span> ejercicio<\/span> asigna<\/span> a los PEAS alrededor<\/span> de 1.000 millones<\/span> de nuestra<\/span> moneda<\/span> \u00fanica<\/span> europea<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Los PEAS fueron<\/span> creados<\/span> en 1997 por<\/span> el gobierno<\/span> de Jos\u00e9<\/span> Mar\u00eda<\/span> Aznar<\/span> \u2013quien<\/span> no hizo<\/span> la mili<\/span><\/em> y tal<\/span> vez<\/span> por<\/span> ello<\/span> se qued\u00f3<\/span> con las<\/span> ganas<\/span> de jugar<\/span> a la guerra\u2013<\/span> y consisten<\/span> en planes de modernizaci\u00f3n<\/span> del armamento<\/span>. Han sido<\/span> dedicados<\/span> a la adquisici\u00f3n<\/span> de aviones<\/span> (el cap\u00edtulo<\/span> estrella<\/span>), buques<\/span>, blindados<\/span>, helic\u00f3pteros<\/span>, submarinos<\/span>, misiles<\/span> y obuses<\/span>. En todos<\/span> los casos<\/span> se da<\/span> la circunstancia<\/span> \u2013seg\u00fan<\/span> c\u00e1lculos<\/span> del Centre Del\u00e0s\u2013<\/span> de que<\/span> el presupuesto<\/span> inicial<\/span> acaba<\/span> generosamente<\/span> superado<\/span> por<\/span> el costo<\/span> final. La suma<\/span> de todos<\/span> los PEAS emprendidos<\/span> hasta<\/span> la fecha<\/span> tiene<\/span> un monto<\/span> oficial<\/span> de 20.375,6 millones<\/span> de euros<\/span>, pero<\/span> su<\/span> sobrecoste<\/span> lo aumenta<\/span> en otros<\/span> 13.951,16 millones<\/span>. Resultado<\/span>: 34.326 millones<\/span> de euros<\/span>. Todo<\/span> adquirido<\/span>, por<\/span> supuesto<\/span>, mediante<\/span> contratos<\/span> blindados<\/span> sujetos<\/span> a fuertes<\/span> indemnizaciones<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00bfEs<\/span> necesario<\/span> tan enorme<\/span> esfuerzo<\/span> econ\u00f3mico<\/span> para<\/span> garantizar<\/span> las<\/span> necesidades<\/span> defensivas<\/span> del pa\u00eds<\/span>? De entrada<\/span>, ya<\/span> se dijo<\/span> que<\/span> el Estado<\/span> espa\u00f1ol<\/span> mantiene<\/span> un ej\u00e9rcito<\/span> excesivo<\/span> en n\u00famero<\/span> de efectivos<\/span>, si<\/span> nos atenemos<\/span> al c\u00e1lculo<\/span> de sus<\/span> propios<\/span> especialistas<\/span>; desarreglo<\/span> que<\/span> por<\/span> s\u00ed<\/span> solo infunde<\/span> motivos<\/span> de desconfianza<\/span>, aunque<\/span> no m\u00e1s<\/span> que<\/span> el mutismo<\/span> oficial<\/span> en cuanto<\/span> a gasto<\/span> armament\u00edstico<\/span>, actividad<\/span> protegida<\/span> por<\/span> la Ley<\/span> de secretos<\/span> oficiales<\/span>. Como sol\u00eda<\/span> decirse<\/span> en el ej\u00e9rcito<\/span>, las<\/span> protestas<\/span> al maestro armero<\/span> (del cual<\/span>, por<\/span> cierto<\/span>, ya<\/span> se sabe<\/span> que<\/span> en el mejor<\/span> de los casos<\/span> no hay respuesta<\/span>).<\/p>\n

Si se cumplen<\/span> las<\/span> intenciones<\/span> gubernamentales<\/span> de ampliaci\u00f3n<\/span> de los PAES<\/span> \u2013sus<\/span> planes estelares<\/span>: el nuevo<\/span> modelo<\/span> de fragata<\/span> F-110 y la compra<\/span> de cerca<\/span> de 400 unidades<\/span> del blindado<\/span> 8×8\u2013<\/span>, esta<\/span> deuda<\/span> puede<\/span> incrementarse<\/span> hasta<\/span> los 40.000 millones<\/span> de euros<\/span>, cifra<\/span> equivalente<\/span> al rescate<\/span> bancario<\/span> que<\/span> la UE<\/span> concedi\u00f3<\/span> a Espa\u00f1a<\/span> en 2012.<\/p>\n

El Centre Del\u00e0s<\/span> denuncia<\/span> que<\/span> la enorme<\/span> deuda<\/span> de Defensa<\/span> \u201ctan solo ha beneficiado<\/span> al complejo<\/span> militar-industrial<\/span>, es<\/span> decir<\/span>, a los oscuros<\/span> intereses<\/span> que<\/span> rodean<\/span> la fabricaci\u00f3n<\/span> de armas<\/span>: accionistas<\/span> de las<\/span> empresas<\/span>, algunos<\/span> militares<\/span> y pol\u00edticos<\/span> que<\/span> se han<\/span> conchabado<\/span> para<\/span> fabricar<\/span> armas<\/span> sin ning\u00fan<\/span> sentido<\/span> de la realidad<\/span> y han<\/span> generado<\/span> un enorme<\/span> agujero<\/span> negro<\/span> que<\/span> engulle<\/span> recursos<\/span> que<\/span> ser\u00edan<\/span> mucho<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> productivos<\/span> en el \u00e1mbito<\/span> civil\u201d y que<\/span>, adem\u00e1s<\/span>, no hace<\/span> sino<\/span> incrementar<\/span> el d\u00e9ficit<\/span> p\u00fablico<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Pero<\/span> volvamos<\/span> a la cuesti\u00f3n<\/span> clave<\/span>: \u00bfes<\/span> necesario<\/span> tal<\/span> gasto<\/span> en armamento<\/span>? Buena parte<\/span> de las<\/span> armas<\/span> adquiridas<\/span> carecen<\/span> de utilidad<\/span> estrat\u00e9gica<\/span> y no pocas<\/span> periclitan<\/span> sin haber<\/span> sido<\/span> utilizadas<\/span>, como<\/span> critican<\/span> en privado<\/span> muchos<\/span> militares<\/span>. Tampoco<\/span> funciona<\/span> la excusa<\/span> de su<\/span> utilidad<\/span> en misiones<\/span> militares<\/span> exteriores<\/span>, puesto<\/span> que<\/span> el criterio<\/span> de funcionalidad<\/span> buscado<\/span> en la compra<\/span> de armas<\/span> estelares<\/span> como<\/span> el blindado<\/span> Leopard <\/em>se refiere<\/span> a su<\/span> despliegue<\/span> y uso<\/span> en la defensa<\/span> del territorio<\/span> nacional<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Tufillo a componenda<\/h2>\n

La I+D militar<\/span> crecer\u00e1<\/span> en 2015 un 43,5 % con respecto<\/span> a 2014, mientras<\/span> que<\/span> la I+D civil solo registrar\u00e1<\/span> un incremento<\/span> del \u00a1\u00a1\u00a14,8 %!!!, es<\/span> decir<\/span>, casi<\/span> diez<\/span> veces<\/span> menos<\/span> redondeando<\/span> cifras<\/span>. Y mientras<\/span> los peque\u00f1os<\/span> y medianos<\/span> empresarios<\/span> espa\u00f1oles<\/span> se asfixian<\/span> para<\/span> liquidar<\/span> los cr\u00e9ditos<\/span> que<\/span> dedican<\/span> a la econom\u00eda<\/span> productiva<\/span>, el Ministerio<\/span> de Industria<\/span> concede pr\u00e9stamos<\/span> a cero<\/span> inter\u00e9s<\/span> a las<\/span> empresas<\/span> del sector militar<\/span> que<\/span> surten<\/span> los PEAS. Pero<\/span> lo m\u00e1s<\/span> grave, si<\/span> cabe<\/span>, es<\/span> que<\/span> la mayor parte<\/span> de los empr\u00e9stitos<\/span> concedidos<\/span> a empresas<\/span> proveedoras<\/span> de los PEAS no ha sido<\/span> retornada<\/span> a su<\/span> emisor<\/span> (Industria<\/span>), despu\u00e9s<\/span> de que<\/span> los fabricantes<\/span> entregaran<\/span> las<\/span> armas<\/span> al Ministerio<\/span> de Defensa<\/span>. A finales de 2014, tan solo el uno<\/span> por<\/span> ciento<\/span> de las<\/span> cantidades<\/span> prestadas<\/span> \u2013\u00bfcabr\u00eda<\/span> decir<\/span> donadas<\/span><\/em>?\u2013 volvi\u00f3<\/span> a las<\/span> arcas<\/span> p\u00fablicas<\/span>. \u00bfLa raz\u00f3n<\/span>? Las compa\u00f1\u00edas<\/span> del ramo<\/span> aseguran<\/span> que<\/span> los cr\u00e9ditos<\/span> <\/em>eran<\/span> pagos<\/span> a cuenta<\/span>. As\u00ed<\/span> pues<\/span>, no solo es<\/span> dudosa<\/span> la necesidad<\/span> del encargo<\/span> sino<\/span> tambi\u00e9n<\/span> la financiaci\u00f3n<\/span>. Hay tufillo<\/span> a componenda<\/span>, por<\/span> decirlo<\/span> suavemente<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00bfQu\u00e9 es \u201cgasto militar\u201d?<\/h2>\n

Si se aplicara<\/span> en Espa\u00f1a<\/span> la recomendaci\u00f3n<\/span> de la OTAN<\/span> de que<\/span> todo<\/span> gasto<\/span> relacionado<\/span> con la defensa<\/span> se contabilice<\/span> como<\/span> militar<\/span>, sea cual<\/span> sea su<\/span> procedencia<\/span>, el Centre Del\u00e0s<\/span> calcula<\/span> que<\/span> el importe<\/span> total dedicado<\/span> por<\/span> uno<\/span> u otro<\/span> concepto<\/span> a las<\/span> fuerzas<\/span> armadas superar\u00e1<\/span> en 2015 los 16.6000 millones<\/span> de euros<\/span>, m\u00e1s<\/span> del doble<\/span> de los 6.853 millones<\/span> anunciados<\/span> por<\/span> el gobierno<\/span>. Una<\/span> cifra<\/span> cercana<\/span> al 1,5 % del PIB<\/span> espa\u00f1ol<\/span>, ciertamente<\/span> a\u00fan<\/span> por<\/span> debajo<\/span> de la proporci\u00f3n<\/span> recomendada<\/span> por<\/span> la OTAN<\/span> (dos por<\/span> ciento<\/span>) pero<\/span> muy<\/span> por<\/span> encima<\/span> de la propaganda gubernamental<\/span> (0,63 %).<\/p>\n

Si se analiza<\/span> la evoluci\u00f3n<\/span> del gasto<\/span> militar oficial<\/span> en Defensa<\/span>, sin las<\/span> adherencias<\/span> y variaciones<\/span> reci\u00e9n<\/span> comentadas<\/span>, su<\/span> presupuesto<\/span> ha descendido<\/span> un 18 % desde<\/span> 2008 a esta<\/span> parte<\/span>. Mucho<\/span>, pensar\u00e1n<\/span> algunos\u2026<\/span> antes de saber que<\/span> el dinero<\/span> p\u00fablico<\/span> destinado<\/span> a educaci\u00f3n<\/span> y sanidad<\/span> ha decrecido<\/span> en el mismo<\/span> per\u00edodo<\/span> en un 22,5 y un 12 %, respectivamente<\/span>. Por<\/span> no hablar<\/span> de las<\/span> partidas<\/span> destinadas<\/span> a trabajo<\/span>, cultura<\/span> (ambas<\/span> en un -38 %), infraestructuras<\/span> (-32 %) e investigaci\u00f3n<\/span> civil (-28 %). Y por<\/span> descontado<\/span>, sin considerar<\/span> la escasa<\/span> fiabilidad<\/span> de las<\/span> cifras<\/span> oficiales<\/span> cuando<\/span> se refieren<\/span> a la cartera<\/span> \u2013y no es<\/span> anfibolog\u00eda\u2013<\/span> del ministro<\/span> Moren\u00e9s<\/span>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Inercia, despilfarro y enga\u00f1o en el gasto militar espa\u00f1ol. Un t\u00edtulo contundente \u2013y sugerente en funci\u00f3n de su contundencia\u2013 para el nuevo informe del barcelon\u00e9s Centre Del\u00e0s de estudios para la paz, en el que se analiza el desequilibrio entre las cuentas oficiales y reales del gasto militar espa\u00f1ol. Media […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[76],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6881","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-barcelona"],"yoast_head":"\n\u00bfQu\u00e9 significa gasto militar? - Revista Rambla<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es \u201cgasto militar\u201d? Si se aplicara en Espa\u00f1a la recomendaci\u00f3n de la OTAN de que todo gasto relacionado con la defensa se contabilice.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u00bfQu\u00e9 significa gasto militar? - Revista Rambla\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es \u201cgasto militar\u201d? Si se aplicara en Espa\u00f1a la recomendaci\u00f3n de la OTAN de que todo gasto relacionado con la defensa se contabilice.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Revista Rambla\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/revistarambla\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/revistarambla\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2015-02-23T03:14:32+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-06-29T10:57:43+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/guerra_erevistarambla_02.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"R@mbla\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@revistarambla\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@revistarambla\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"R@mbla\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"R@mbla\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/a146a5a2550b94981a75131180e1bd9c\"},\"headline\":\"\u00bfContra qui\u00e9n guerrea Espa\u00f1a?\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-02-23T03:14:32+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-06-29T10:57:43+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1688,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/02\\\/guerra_erevistarambla_02.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Barcelona\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\\\/\",\"name\":\"\u00bfQu\u00e9 significa gasto militar? - Revista Rambla\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/02\\\/guerra_erevistarambla_02.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-02-23T03:14:32+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-06-29T10:57:43+00:00\",\"description\":\"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es \u201cgasto militar\u201d? Si se aplicara en Espa\u00f1a la recomendaci\u00f3n de la OTAN de que todo gasto relacionado con la defensa se contabilice.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/02\\\/guerra_erevistarambla_02.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/02\\\/guerra_erevistarambla_02.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Portada\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\u00bfContra qui\u00e9n guerrea Espa\u00f1a?\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"Revista Rambla Barcelona\",\"description\":\"Periodismo independiente\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Revista Rambla\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/banner_rambla_1900x600_BB.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/banner_rambla_1900x600_BB.png\",\"width\":1900,\"height\":600,\"caption\":\"Revista Rambla\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/revistarambla\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/revistarambla\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/revista_rambla\",\"https:\\\/\\\/es.linkedin.com\\\/company\\\/revista-rambla\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/a146a5a2550b94981a75131180e1bd9c\",\"name\":\"R@mbla\",\"description\":\"Este art\u00edculo ha sido redactado y\\\/o validado por el equipo de redacci\u00f3n de Revista Rambla.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/revistarambla\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/revistarambla\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u00bfQu\u00e9 significa gasto militar? - Revista Rambla","description":"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es \u201cgasto militar\u201d? Si se aplicara en Espa\u00f1a la recomendaci\u00f3n de la OTAN de que todo gasto relacionado con la defensa se contabilice.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u00bfQu\u00e9 significa gasto militar? - Revista Rambla","og_description":"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es \u201cgasto militar\u201d? Si se aplicara en Espa\u00f1a la recomendaci\u00f3n de la OTAN de que todo gasto relacionado con la defensa se contabilice.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\/","og_site_name":"Revista Rambla","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/revistarambla\/","article_author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/revistarambla","article_published_time":"2015-02-23T03:14:32+00:00","article_modified_time":"2024-06-29T10:57:43+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/guerra_erevistarambla_02.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"R@mbla","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@revistarambla","twitter_site":"@revistarambla","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"R@mbla","Estimated reading time":"8 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\/"},"author":{"name":"R@mbla","@id":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/#\/schema\/person\/a146a5a2550b94981a75131180e1bd9c"},"headline":"\u00bfContra qui\u00e9n guerrea Espa\u00f1a?","datePublished":"2015-02-23T03:14:32+00:00","dateModified":"2024-06-29T10:57:43+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\/"},"wordCount":1688,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/guerra_erevistarambla_02.jpg","articleSection":["Barcelona"],"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\/","url":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\/","name":"\u00bfQu\u00e9 significa gasto militar? - Revista Rambla","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/guerra_erevistarambla_02.jpg","datePublished":"2015-02-23T03:14:32+00:00","dateModified":"2024-06-29T10:57:43+00:00","description":"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es \u201cgasto militar\u201d? Si se aplicara en Espa\u00f1a la recomendaci\u00f3n de la OTAN de que todo gasto relacionado con la defensa se contabilice.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/guerra_erevistarambla_02.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/guerra_erevistarambla_02.jpg"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/icontra-quien-guerrea-espana\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Portada","item":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"\u00bfContra qui\u00e9n guerrea Espa\u00f1a?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/","name":"Revista Rambla Barcelona","description":"Periodismo independiente","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/#organization","name":"Revista Rambla","url":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/banner_rambla_1900x600_BB.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/banner_rambla_1900x600_BB.png","width":1900,"height":600,"caption":"Revista Rambla"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/revistarambla\/","https:\/\/x.com\/revistarambla","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/revista_rambla","https:\/\/es.linkedin.com\/company\/revista-rambla"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/#\/schema\/person\/a146a5a2550b94981a75131180e1bd9c","name":"R@mbla","description":"Este art\u00edculo ha sido redactado y\/o validado por el equipo de redacci\u00f3n de Revista Rambla.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/","https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/revistarambla","https:\/\/x.com\/revistarambla"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6881","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6881"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6881\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":61500,"href":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6881\/revisions\/61500"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6881"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6881"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6881"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}