{"id":6546,"date":"2014-12-21T16:25:27","date_gmt":"2014-12-21T16:25:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/eneas-y-el-destino-manifiesto\/"},"modified":"2014-12-21T16:25:27","modified_gmt":"2014-12-21T16:25:27","slug":"eneas-y-el-destino-manifiesto","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/eneas-y-el-destino-manifiesto\/","title":{"rendered":"Eneas y el destino manifiesto"},"content":{"rendered":"

\t\"alt\"La vida<\/span> del gran<\/span> poeta<\/span> latino<\/span> Publio<\/span> Virgilio<\/span> Mar\u00f3n<\/span> (79-19 a. C.) puede<\/span> considerarse<\/span> frustrada<\/span> en cuanto<\/span> a sus<\/span> inquietudes art\u00edsticas<\/span>, si<\/span> nos atenemos<\/span> al fatal destino<\/span>, la hoguera<\/span>, que<\/span> dispuso<\/span> para<\/span> la\u00a0Eneida<\/span>,\u00a0su<\/span> obra<\/span> principal: todo<\/span> un monumento<\/span> literario<\/span> tanto<\/span> en extensi\u00f3n<\/span> como<\/span> por<\/span> la valoraci\u00f3n<\/span> cr\u00edtica<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> tarde<\/span> acreditada<\/span>, a cuya<\/span> composici\u00f3n<\/span> dedic\u00f3<\/span> el vate<\/span> los \u00faltimos<\/span> diez<\/span> a\u00f1os<\/span> de existencia<\/span> e ingenio<\/span> creativo<\/span><\/p>\n

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\tLa vida<\/span> del gran<\/span> poeta<\/span> latino<\/span> Publio<\/span> Virgilio<\/span> Mar\u00f3n<\/span> (79-19 a. C.) puede<\/span> considerarse<\/span> frustrada<\/span> en cuanto<\/span> a sus<\/span> inquietudes art\u00edsticas<\/span>, si<\/span> nos atenemos<\/span> al fatal destino<\/span>, la hoguera<\/span>, que<\/span> dispuso<\/span> para<\/span> la\u00a0Eneida<\/span>,\u00a0su<\/span> obra<\/span> principal: todo<\/span> un monumento<\/span> literario<\/span> tanto<\/span> en extensi\u00f3n<\/span> como<\/span> por<\/span> la valoraci\u00f3n<\/span> cr\u00edtica<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> tarde<\/span> acreditada<\/span>, a cuya<\/span> composici\u00f3n<\/span> dedic\u00f3<\/span> el vate<\/span> los \u00faltimos<\/span> diez<\/span> a\u00f1os<\/span> de existencia<\/span> e ingenio<\/span> creativo<\/span>. Afortunadamente<\/span>, el emperador<\/span> Augusto<\/span> puso<\/span> coto<\/span> al delirio<\/span> destructivo<\/span> de Virgilio<\/span>, ordenando<\/span> la preservaci\u00f3n<\/span> del texto<\/span> de la epopeya<\/span>, un gesto<\/span> que<\/span> le hizo<\/span> acreedor<\/span> de gratitud<\/span> universal por<\/span> parte<\/span> de todos<\/span> los bibli\u00f3filos<\/span> que<\/span> en el mundo<\/span> han<\/span> sido<\/span>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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\tDos fueron<\/span> las<\/span> influencias<\/span> determinantes<\/span> en la formaci\u00f3n<\/span> intelectual<\/span> de Virgilio<\/span>. De la poes\u00eda<\/span> neot\u00e9rica<\/span>, difundida<\/span> en Roma durante<\/span> el mandato<\/span> de Cayo<\/span> Julio C\u00e9sar<\/span>, adopt\u00f3<\/span> el gusto esteticista<\/span> patente<\/span> en obras<\/span> anteriores<\/span> a la\u00a0Eneida<\/span>,\u00a0como<\/span> las<\/span>\u00a0Ge\u00f3rgicas<\/span>;\u00a0y de la filosof\u00eda<\/span> de Epicuro<\/span>, el aprecio<\/span> por<\/span> la bondad<\/span> de las<\/span> satisfacciones<\/span> intelectuales<\/span>, inclinaci\u00f3n<\/span> que<\/span> no exig\u00eda<\/span> el repudio<\/span> de ning\u00fan<\/span> don sensual (cabr\u00eda<\/span> resumir<\/span> su<\/span> postura<\/span> del siguiente<\/span> modo<\/span>: cuerpo<\/span> y objetos<\/span> materiales<\/span> han<\/span> sido<\/span> creados<\/span> para<\/span> deleite<\/span> de los humanos<\/span> y es<\/span> bueno<\/span> que<\/span> de ellos<\/span> se sirvan<\/span>, lo malo<\/span> deviene<\/span> cuando<\/span> tales gozos<\/span> esclavizan<\/span> sus<\/span> pensamientos<\/span> y deseos<\/span>).<\/p>\n

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\tComo raramente<\/span> puede<\/span> mantenerse<\/span> uno<\/span> en la coherencia<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> purista<\/span>, y la trayectoria<\/span> vital de cualquier<\/span> persona implica<\/span> cambios<\/span> que<\/span> no suponen<\/span> traici\u00f3n<\/span>, sino<\/span> mero<\/span> reajuste<\/span>, digamos<\/span> que<\/span> solo a la segunda<\/span> de las<\/span> anteriores<\/span> fuentes<\/span> permaneci\u00f3<\/span> siempre<\/span> fiel<\/span> el poeta<\/span>. La\u00a0Eneida<\/span>\u00a0brinda<\/span> buen<\/span> ejemplo<\/span> de ello<\/span>, con su<\/span> ensalzamiento<\/span> continuo del valor de la racionalidad<\/span> frente<\/span> a los arrebatos<\/span> pasionales<\/span> y el inter\u00e9s<\/span> materialista<\/span>. Sin embargo, la gran<\/span> epopeya<\/span> virgiliana<\/span> fue<\/span> desleal<\/span> a la premisa<\/span> neot\u00e9rica<\/span> de brevedad<\/span>, dada su<\/span> interminable sarta<\/span> de versos. Adentrarse<\/span> en la\u00a0Eneida<\/span>\u00a0constituye<\/span> un verdadero<\/span> acto<\/span> de amor a cuanto<\/span> el poema<\/span> contiene<\/span> y significa<\/span>, pues<\/span> leerla<\/span> exige<\/span> un notable esfuerzo<\/span> de atenci\u00f3n<\/span> y paciencia<\/span> si<\/span> se opta<\/span> por<\/span> una<\/span> traducci\u00f3n<\/span> que<\/span> respete<\/span> su<\/span> forma original; otras<\/span> hay, empero<\/span>, en prosa<\/span> y m\u00e1s<\/span> llevaderas<\/span>, como<\/span> la rescatada<\/span> en esta<\/span> ocasi\u00f3n<\/span> del Hades del contenedor<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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\tA lo largo de doce<\/span> libros<\/span> relata<\/span> la\u00a0Eneida<\/span>\u00a0las<\/span> aventuras<\/span> del caudillo<\/span> troyano<\/span> Eneas<\/span>. El h\u00e9roe<\/span> logra<\/span> escapar<\/span> de la Ili\u00f3n<\/span> saqueada<\/span> por<\/span> los aqueos<\/span>, junto<\/span> con su<\/span> familia<\/span> y un grupo<\/span> de allegados<\/span>, para<\/span> emprender<\/span> un viaje<\/span> mar\u00edtimo<\/span> de intencionado<\/span> paralelismo<\/span> con las<\/span> aventuras<\/span> de Ulises<\/span> (el h\u00e9roe<\/span> aqueo<\/span> de la\u00a0Odisea<\/span>\u00a0hom\u00e9rica<\/span>, referente<\/span> literario<\/span> directo<\/span> de la\u00a0Eneida<\/span>) y siempre<\/span> a la b\u00fasqueda<\/span> de una<\/span> tierra<\/span> de promisi\u00f3n<\/span> (Virgilio<\/span> tambi\u00e9n<\/span> conoc\u00eda<\/span> los mitos<\/span> hebreos<\/span>, aunque<\/span> no fueran<\/span> su<\/span> motivo<\/span> referencial<\/span> para<\/span> este<\/span> caso<\/span>). La expedici\u00f3n<\/span> troyana<\/span> realiza<\/span> un periplo<\/span> tachonado<\/span> de aventuras<\/span> por<\/span> las<\/span> costas<\/span> de Jonia<\/span> y \u00c1frica<\/span> antes de alcanzar<\/span> el Lacio<\/span>, donde<\/span> habr\u00e1<\/span> de enfrentarse<\/span> a las<\/span> tribus<\/span> que<\/span> lo habitan<\/span>. Merced a ese<\/span> combate<\/span> contra gentes<\/span> inferiores<\/span> en cultura<\/span> y dignidad<\/span>, Eneas<\/span> y sus<\/span> compa\u00f1eros<\/span> conquistar\u00e1n<\/span> el solar definitivo<\/span> de su<\/span> estirpe<\/span>, germen<\/span> de los m\u00e1s<\/span> antiguos<\/span> y nobles linajes<\/span> romanos<\/span>; por<\/span> algo<\/span> Iulo<\/span>, hijo<\/span> del h\u00e9roe<\/span>, fue<\/span> tomado<\/span> como<\/span> ep\u00f3nimo<\/span> de la familia<\/span> Iulia<\/span>, a la que<\/span> pertenec\u00edan<\/span> tanto<\/span> C\u00e9sar<\/span> como<\/span> el emperador<\/span> Augusto<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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\tVisto<\/span> lo anterior, no dude nadie<\/span> que<\/span> albergaba<\/span> la\u00a0Eneida<\/span>\u00a0una<\/span> clara<\/span> intencionalidad<\/span> pol\u00edtica<\/span>. Cabr\u00eda<\/span> a\u00f1adir<\/span>: como<\/span> todo<\/span> o casi<\/span> todo<\/span> en este<\/span> mundo…<\/span> pero<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> a\u00fan<\/span>. Puertas<\/span> adentro<\/span>, de cara<\/span> a la sociedad<\/span> romana<\/span>, Virgilio<\/span> quiso<\/span> proyectar<\/span> una<\/span> apolog\u00eda<\/span> del reci\u00e9n<\/span> establecido<\/span> r\u00e9gimen<\/span> mon\u00e1rquico<\/span>, dotando<\/span> al soberano<\/span>, Augusto<\/span>, de una<\/span> justificaci\u00f3n<\/span> metahist\u00f3rica<\/span> a su<\/span>\u00a0imperium<\/span>\u00a0(mando<\/span>). Puertas<\/span> afuera<\/span>, el poeta<\/span> se propuso<\/span> convencer<\/span> a los pueblos dome\u00f1ados<\/span> bajo<\/span> la ense\u00f1a<\/span> del\u00a0Senatus<\/span> Populusque<\/span> Romanus<\/span>\u00a0(SPQR<\/span>) de la correspondencia<\/span> l\u00f3gica<\/span> entre<\/span> tal<\/span> sumisi\u00f3n<\/span> y la superioridad<\/span> material y moral de la civilizaci\u00f3n<\/span> romana<\/span>, sancionada<\/span> por<\/span> un\u00a0fatum<\/span>\u00a0(sino<\/span>) sobrenatural<\/span>. Se trata<\/span>, al fin y al cabo<\/span>, de un argumento<\/span> con resonancias<\/span> muy<\/span> actuales<\/span>, si<\/span> consideramos<\/span> que<\/span> todav\u00eda<\/span> abundan<\/span> los creyentes<\/span> del “destino<\/span> manifiesto”<\/span> en las<\/span> distintas<\/span> versiones<\/span> ideol\u00f3gicas<\/span> y nacionales<\/span> del mismo<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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\tAparte<\/span> del episodio<\/span> del caballo<\/span> de Troya<\/span>, que<\/span> no aparece<\/span> en las<\/span> obras<\/span> de Homero<\/span>, el m\u00e1s<\/span> c\u00e9lebre<\/span> pasaje<\/span> de la\u00a0Eneida<\/span>\u00a0ata\u00f1e<\/span> al idilio<\/span> entre<\/span> Eneas<\/span> y Dido, la princesa<\/span> fenicia<\/span> fundadora<\/span> de Cartago<\/span>. A pesar<\/span> del amor que<\/span> rec\u00edprocamente<\/span> se profesan<\/span>, Eneas<\/span> antepone<\/span> muy<\/span> epicureamente<\/span> su<\/span> misi\u00f3n<\/span> a cualquier<\/span> gozo<\/span> personal, y abandona<\/span> a Dido, que<\/span> acaba<\/span> suicid\u00e1ndose<\/span> entre<\/span> arengas<\/span> de venganza<\/span> dirigidas<\/span> a sus<\/span> compatriotas<\/span>: ”Y vosotros<\/span>, \u00a1oh, tirios<\/span>!, cebad<\/span> vuestros<\/span> odios<\/span> en su<\/span> hijo<\/span> y en todo<\/span> su<\/span> futuro<\/span> linaje<\/span>; ofreced<\/span> ese<\/span> tributo<\/span> a mis<\/span> cenizas<\/span>. Nunca<\/span> haya<\/span> amistad<\/span>, nunca<\/span> haya<\/span> alianza<\/span> entre<\/span> los dos pueblos. (…) \u00a1Yo<\/span> te<\/span> ruego<\/span> que<\/span> ahora<\/span> y siempre<\/span>, y en cualquier<\/span> ocasi\u00f3n<\/span> en que<\/span> haya<\/span> fuerza<\/span> bastante<\/span>, lidien<\/span> ambas<\/span> naciones<\/span>, (…) y que<\/span> lidien<\/span> tambi\u00e9n<\/span> hasta<\/span> sus<\/span> \u00faltimos<\/span> descendientes<\/span>!”. Una<\/span> versi\u00f3n<\/span> melodram\u00e1tica<\/span> del enfrentamiento<\/span> entre<\/span> Cartago<\/span> y Roma: como<\/span> en tantas<\/span> historias<\/span> de amor, el hechizo<\/span> se transforma<\/span> en inquina<\/span> (otra<\/span> forma de la pasi\u00f3n<\/span>, aunque<\/span> nazca<\/span> del despecho<\/span>).<\/p>\n

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\tDe la tr\u00e1gica<\/span> historia<\/span> de Dido se desprende<\/span> una<\/span> visi\u00f3n<\/span> negativa<\/span> del sentimiento<\/span> amoroso<\/span>, fuerza<\/span> que<\/span> arrolla<\/span> con la prudencia<\/span> y la racionalidad<\/span> hasta<\/span> el punto<\/span> de querer<\/span> convertirse<\/span> en\u00a0hibris<\/span>\u00a0(rebeli\u00f3n<\/span> contra el destino<\/span>). Sus<\/span> fines no pueden<\/span> lograrse<\/span> sin debilitar<\/span> con promesas<\/span> y dulzuras<\/span> la virtud<\/span> del h\u00e9roe<\/span>, convirti\u00e9ndolo<\/span> en un ser<\/span> pusil\u00e1nime<\/span>: ”sometido<\/span> a una<\/span> mujer<\/span> le edificas<\/span> una<\/span> hermosa<\/span> ciudad<\/span>, olvidando<\/span>, \u00a1ay!, tu<\/span> reino<\/span> y tus<\/span> empresas<\/span>! (…) Si nada te<\/span> mueve<\/span> la ambici\u00f3n<\/span> de tan altos destinos<\/span>, ni<\/span> nada quieres<\/span> acometer<\/span> por<\/span> tu<\/span> propia<\/span> gloria<\/span>, (…) piensa<\/span> en las<\/span> esperanzas<\/span> de tu<\/span> heredero<\/span> Iulo<\/span>, a quien<\/span> reservan<\/span> los dioses<\/span> el reino<\/span> de Italia y la romana<\/span> tierra”<\/span>, advierte<\/span> a Eneas<\/span> el dios<\/span> Mercurio<\/span>, mensajero<\/span> de J\u00fapiter<\/span>, para<\/span> moverle<\/span> a reflexi\u00f3n<\/span>. Y fue<\/span> as\u00ed<\/span> como<\/span> el troyano<\/span>, renunciando<\/span> a toda<\/span> felicidad<\/span> personal, sigui\u00f3<\/span> “arrastrando<\/span> una<\/span> miserable existencia<\/span> entre<\/span> crudos<\/span> afanes”<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tEl comportamiento<\/span> rigorista<\/span> de Eneas<\/span> no lo convierte<\/span> en un dechado<\/span> de virtud<\/span>. Su epopeya<\/span> perge\u00f1a<\/span> el retrato<\/span> psicol\u00f3gico<\/span> de un hombre cuya<\/span> recia<\/span> voluntad<\/span>, sentido<\/span> de la mesura<\/span> y unci\u00f3n<\/span> por<\/span> el deber<\/span> han<\/span> sido<\/span> cincelados<\/span> a golpes<\/span> de duda<\/span> y temor<\/span>; por<\/span> ello<\/span> presenta<\/span> profundas<\/span> muescas<\/span>, verdaderas<\/span> cicatrices del alma. Se trata<\/span>, en suma<\/span>, de un personaje<\/span> genuinamente<\/span> humano<\/span>, cre\u00edble<\/span> en sus<\/span> arraigos<\/span>, expectativas<\/span> y decisiones<\/span>. Como le advierte<\/span> la Sibila<\/span> de Cumas<\/span>, sacerdotisa<\/span> de Apolo<\/span> que<\/span> pose\u00eda<\/span> el don de la profec\u00eda<\/span>: “f\u00e1cil<\/span> es<\/span> la bajada<\/span> al Averno<\/span>; d\u00eda<\/span> y noche<\/span> est\u00e1<\/span> abierta<\/span> la puerta<\/span> del negro<\/span> Dite<\/span>; pero<\/span> retroceder<\/span> y restituirse<\/span> a las<\/span> auras de la tierra<\/span>, esto<\/span> es<\/span> lo arduo<\/span>, esto<\/span> es<\/span> lo dif\u00edcil”<\/span>. Y aunque<\/span> la pitonisa<\/span> aludiera<\/span> expl\u00edcitamente<\/span> al infierno<\/span>, sus<\/span> palabras<\/span> son alegor\u00eda<\/span> de la ca\u00edda<\/span>, con frecuencia<\/span> inesperada<\/span>, en los abismos<\/span> de la debilidad<\/span>, el ego\u00edsmo<\/span> o la ira<\/span>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La vida del gran poeta latino Publio Virgilio Mar\u00f3n (79-19 a. C.) puede considerarse frustrada en cuanto a sus inquietudes art\u00edsticas, si nos atenemos al fatal destino, la hoguera, que dispuso para la\u00a0Eneida,\u00a0su obra principal: todo un monumento literario tanto en extensi\u00f3n como por la valoraci\u00f3n cr\u00edtica m\u00e1s tarde acreditada, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[72],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6546","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-opinion"],"yoast_head":"\nEneas y el destino manifiesto - Revista Rambla<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/eneas-y-el-destino-manifiesto\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Eneas y el destino manifiesto - Revista Rambla\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La vida del gran poeta latino Publio Virgilio Mar\u00f3n (79-19 a. C.) puede considerarse frustrada en cuanto a sus inquietudes art\u00edsticas, si nos atenemos al fatal destino, la hoguera, que dispuso para la\u00a0Eneida,\u00a0su obra principal: todo un monumento literario tanto en extensi\u00f3n como por la valoraci\u00f3n cr\u00edtica m\u00e1s tarde acreditada, […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/eneas-y-el-destino-manifiesto\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Revista Rambla\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/revistarambla\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-12-21T16:25:27+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.revistarambla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/eneas_revRambla01.jpg?fit=682%2C450&ssl=1\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"682\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"450\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@revistarambla\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@revistarambla\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/eneas-y-el-destino-manifiesto\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/eneas-y-el-destino-manifiesto\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4a5652fc8c82df1f8593002d038cd79e\"},\"headline\":\"Eneas y el destino manifiesto\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-12-21T16:25:27+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/eneas-y-el-destino-manifiesto\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1293,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/eneas-y-el-destino-manifiesto\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2014\\\/12\\\/eneas_revRambla01.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Opiniones\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/eneas-y-el-destino-manifiesto\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/eneas-y-el-destino-manifiesto\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/eneas-y-el-destino-manifiesto\\\/\",\"name\":\"Eneas y el destino manifiesto - 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