{"id":6242,"date":"2014-10-29T17:19:39","date_gmt":"2014-10-29T17:19:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/hay-que-analizar-el-trauma-historico-que-heredamos-y-que-nos-impide-ahora-luchar\/"},"modified":"2019-10-05T12:39:22","modified_gmt":"2019-10-05T10:39:22","slug":"hay-que-analizar-el-trauma-historico-que-heredamos-y-que-nos-impide-ahora-luchar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/hay-que-analizar-el-trauma-historico-que-heredamos-y-que-nos-impide-ahora-luchar\/","title":{"rendered":"Cuando el franquismo nos rob\u00f3 las palabras"},"content":{"rendered":"

\t\"alt\"Clara Valverde<\/span> Gefaell<\/span>, escritora<\/span> sobre<\/span> biopol\u00edtica<\/span> y resistencia<\/span>, explica<\/span> en su<\/span> \u00faltimo<\/span> libro<\/span> c\u00f3mo<\/span> el silencio<\/span> sobre<\/span> lo sufrido<\/span> durante<\/span> la Guerra Civil y el franquismo<\/span>, no solo no alivia<\/span> sino<\/span> que<\/span> transmite<\/span> el trauma hist\u00f3rico<\/span> a trav\u00e9s<\/span> de las<\/span> generaciones<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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\t“\u00bfCu\u00e1ntos<\/span> de nosotros<\/span> hemos<\/span> preguntado<\/span> a nuestros<\/span> padres sobre<\/span> lo que<\/span> les ocurri\u00f3<\/span> a sus<\/span> propios<\/span> padres o a sus<\/span> t\u00edos<\/span> durante<\/span> el golpe<\/span> de Estado<\/span> del 36, la Guerra Civil y la posguerra<\/span> y hemos<\/span> recibido<\/span> respuestas<\/span> confusas<\/span>, reacciones<\/span> emocionales<\/span> dif\u00edciles<\/span> de entender<\/span> o silencios<\/span> extra\u00f1os<\/span>?”. Ante esta<\/span> pregunta<\/span> que<\/span> lanza<\/span> Clara Valverde<\/span> Gefaell<\/span> en su<\/span> libro<\/span> Desenterrar<\/span> las<\/span> palabras<\/span>. Transmisi\u00f3n<\/span> generacional<\/span> del trauma de la violencia<\/span> pol\u00edtica<\/span> del siglo<\/span> XX en el Estado<\/span> espa\u00f1ol<\/span>,<\/i> seguramente<\/span> cabe<\/span> una<\/span> sola<\/span> respuesta<\/span>: miles y miles. La mayor\u00eda<\/span> de los nietos<\/span> de quienes<\/span> vivieron<\/span> el horror durante<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> de cuarenta<\/span> a\u00f1os<\/span> de franquismo<\/span> podr\u00e1<\/span> afirmar<\/span> que<\/span> poco<\/span> o nada sabe<\/span> de lo experimentado<\/span> entonces<\/span> por<\/span> ellos<\/span>. Espa\u00f1a<\/span> es<\/span> un pa\u00eds<\/span> todav\u00eda<\/span> atrapado<\/span> en el silencio<\/span>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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\tAl mismo<\/span> tiempo<\/span>, sin embargo, cada<\/span> vez<\/span> son m\u00e1s<\/span> los que<\/span> deciden<\/span> sacudir<\/span> el polvo<\/span> de la memoria<\/span> individual y colectiva<\/span>, y ponerse<\/span> a limpiar<\/span> a fondo<\/span>. Clara Valverde<\/span>, sin duda<\/span>, una<\/span> de ellas<\/span>. A lo largo de veinte<\/span> a\u00f1os<\/span> como<\/span> profesora<\/span> de enfermer\u00eda<\/span> y como<\/span> formadora<\/span> de psic\u00f3logos<\/span> y m\u00e9dicos<\/span> sobre<\/span> la comunicaci\u00f3n<\/span> con el paciente<\/span> y la atenci\u00f3n<\/span> a su<\/span> din\u00e1mica<\/span> familiar, Clara tuvo<\/span> la oportunidad<\/span> de escuchar<\/span> a much\u00edsimas<\/span> personas – “solo en enfermer\u00eda<\/span> he dado clase<\/span> a 10 mil profesionales”<\/span>, puntualiza<\/span>– e indagar<\/span> en sus<\/span> historias<\/span>, emociones<\/span> y mentes<\/span>. En el comportamiento<\/span> de toda<\/span> esa<\/span> gente<\/span> la escritora<\/span> pudo<\/span> corroborar<\/span> las<\/span> carencias<\/span> del Estado<\/span> espa\u00f1ol<\/span> en el tratamiento<\/span> de sus<\/span> heridas<\/span> y en lo que<\/span> define como<\/span> “la transmisi\u00f3n<\/span> del trauma transgeneracional”<\/span> de la violencia<\/span> pol\u00edtica<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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\tLa transmisi\u00f3n<\/span> generacional<\/span> del trauma y el silencio<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\t“Lo que<\/span> no se pudo<\/span> hablar<\/span> por<\/span> el miedo<\/span>, la represi\u00f3n<\/span> o el desbordamiento<\/span> ps\u00edquico<\/span>, fue<\/span> transmitido<\/span> de nuestros<\/span> abuelos<\/span> a nuestros<\/span> padres y a nosotros<\/span> de forma no verbal y en gran<\/span> parte<\/span> a trav\u00e9s<\/span> del inconsciente”<\/span>, explica<\/span> Valverde<\/span> en su<\/span> libro<\/span>. Esa<\/span> “transmisi\u00f3n<\/span> generacional”<\/span> del trauma acarreado<\/span> por<\/span> la desaparici\u00f3n<\/span> de seres<\/span> queridos<\/span>, el sufrimiento<\/span> de torturas<\/span>, el exilio<\/span> o la represi\u00f3n<\/span> durante<\/span> la dictadura<\/span> llega<\/span> a la actualidad<\/span> en forma de numerosos<\/span> bloqueos<\/span> que<\/span> no permiten<\/span> un desarrollo<\/span> sano<\/span> y pleno<\/span> de la sociedad<\/span>. Seg\u00fan<\/span> los expertos<\/span> en la transmisi\u00f3n<\/span> generacional<\/span> de la violencia<\/span> pol\u00edtica<\/span>, si<\/span> una<\/span> poblaci\u00f3n<\/span> no elabora<\/span> los traumas de su<\/span> pasado<\/span>, sus<\/span> efectos<\/span> nocivos<\/span> interfieren<\/span> en el funcionamiento<\/span> social y pol\u00edtico<\/span> de futuras<\/span> generaciones<\/span>. “Estos<\/span> efectos<\/span> se pueden<\/span> constatar<\/span> en comportamientos<\/span> grupales<\/span> e individuales<\/span> como<\/span>, entre<\/span> otros<\/span>, el miedo<\/span> a hablar<\/span> (a\u00fan<\/span> cuando<\/span> ya<\/span> no hay represi\u00f3n<\/span> externa<\/span>), a denunciar<\/span> y a cuestionar<\/span> el poder”<\/span> manifiesta<\/span> Vamik<\/span> Volkan<\/span>, uno<\/span> de los estudiosos<\/span> citados<\/span> por<\/span> Valverde<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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\tLa propia<\/span> autora<\/span> se identifica<\/span> con esta<\/span> tercera<\/span> generaci\u00f3n<\/span>, heredera<\/span> “de lo reprimido”<\/span> en el inconsciente<\/span> de las<\/span> dos generaciones<\/span> anteriores<\/span>, y asume<\/span> que<\/span> “como<\/span> los nietos<\/span> de cualquier<\/span> violencia<\/span> pol\u00edtica”<\/span>, creci\u00f3<\/span> “entre<\/span> emociones<\/span> sin palabras<\/span> y palabras<\/span> sin emociones”<\/span>. Su padre se enfrent\u00f3<\/span> al franquismo<\/span> y tuvo<\/span> que<\/span> exiliarse<\/span> en 1967. “Nos fuimos<\/span> a vivir<\/span> a Canad\u00e1<\/span>. Con lo cual<\/span> yo<\/span> no viv\u00ed<\/span> la Transici\u00f3n”<\/span>, cuenta<\/span> Valverde<\/span>. “Mi padre sufri\u00f3<\/span> mucho<\/span> durante<\/span> la Guerra Civil pero<\/span> hablaba<\/span> poco<\/span> del tema<\/span>. Mi madre<\/span> hablaba<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> pero<\/span> an\u00e9cdotas<\/span> que<\/span> eran<\/span> irrelevantes<\/span>, o sea, maneras<\/span> de hablar<\/span> para<\/span> no hablar”<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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\tEn la historia<\/span> de Clara Valverde<\/span> el silencio<\/span> no intent\u00f3<\/span> solo tapar<\/span> el dolor de lo ocurrido<\/span> durante<\/span> el franquismo<\/span> sino<\/span> tambi\u00e9n<\/span> el de haber<\/span> haber<\/span> sido<\/span> v\u00edctimas<\/span> del genocidio<\/span> nazi<\/span>. “Despu\u00e9s<\/span> de la Guerra Civil, en los a\u00f1os<\/span> 40, mi madre<\/span> y su<\/span> familia<\/span> se enteraron<\/span> de que<\/span> la familia<\/span> de mi abuelo<\/span> materno<\/span> (que<\/span> era jud\u00edo<\/span> austr\u00edaco<\/span>), hab\u00eda<\/span> muerto<\/span> en campos<\/span> de concentraci\u00f3n<\/span> en Austria y Polonia<\/span>. Este<\/span> es<\/span> otro<\/span> tema<\/span> que<\/span> se arrastr\u00f3<\/span> entre<\/span> silencios<\/span> y emociones<\/span> raras<\/span> en mi familia”<\/span> explica<\/span> la escritora<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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\tPor<\/span> qu\u00e9<\/span> da<\/span> tanto<\/span> miedo<\/span> a hablar<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\t“\u00bfC\u00f3mo<\/span> vivimos<\/span>, pensamos<\/span> y sentimos<\/span> en una<\/span> tierra<\/span> en la que<\/span> sigue<\/span> habiendo<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> de 150 mil desaparecidos<\/span>, la mayor\u00eda<\/span> enterrados<\/span> en fosas<\/span> debajo<\/span> de nuestros<\/span> pies?”, se interroga<\/span> la autora<\/span>. Las causas<\/span> de que<\/span> Espa\u00f1a<\/span> sea el segundo<\/span> pa\u00eds<\/span> del mundo<\/span> con m\u00e1s<\/span> fosas<\/span> sin abrir<\/span> despu\u00e9s<\/span> de Camboya<\/span> son m\u00faltiples<\/span> y quiz\u00e1s<\/span> inabarcables<\/span> pero<\/span>, con todo<\/span>, hay hechos<\/span> concretos<\/span> que<\/span> ya<\/span> pueden<\/span> darnos<\/span> varias<\/span> explicaciones<\/span>. Casi<\/span> cuarenta<\/span> a\u00f1os<\/span> de represi\u00f3n<\/span>, de prohibici\u00f3n<\/span> de cualquier<\/span> manifestaci\u00f3n<\/span> contraria<\/span> al R\u00e9gimen<\/span> bajo<\/span> amenaza<\/span> de muerte<\/span> o c\u00e1rcel<\/span> tras<\/span> el t\u00e9rmino<\/span> de la Guerra Civil; la puesta<\/span> en marcha<\/span> de una<\/span> Transici\u00f3n<\/span> que<\/span> solo signific\u00f3<\/span> un pacto<\/span> entre<\/span> poderosos<\/span> y continuistas<\/span> y, una<\/span> vez<\/span> en democracia<\/span>, la sanci\u00f3n<\/span> de una<\/span> Ley<\/span> de memoria<\/span> hist\u00f3rica<\/span> de \u00ednfimo<\/span> alcance<\/span>, son razones<\/span> de peso m\u00e1s<\/span> que<\/span> suficiente<\/span> para<\/span> el silencio<\/span> prolongado<\/span> de la sociedad<\/span> espa\u00f1ola<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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\tPor<\/span> eso<\/span>, no es<\/span> de extra\u00f1ar<\/span> que<\/span> quien<\/span> se ha atrevido<\/span> a “desenterrar<\/span> las<\/span> palabras”<\/span>, haya<\/span> vivido<\/span> la mayor parte<\/span> de esas<\/span> d\u00e9cadas<\/span> oscuras<\/span> en el exterior. “El exilio<\/span> fue<\/span> muy<\/span> duro<\/span> para<\/span> mi padre pero<\/span> yo<\/span>, personalmente<\/span>, estoy<\/span> contenta<\/span> de no haber<\/span> crecido<\/span> en la Espa\u00f1a<\/span> franquista<\/span> ni<\/span> en la de las<\/span> mentiras<\/span> de la Transici\u00f3n”<\/span>, reconoce<\/span> Clara Valverde<\/span>. “Aunque<\/span> para<\/span> ser<\/span> libre<\/span> el viaje<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> importante<\/span> es<\/span> hacia<\/span> dentro<\/span> de uno<\/span> mismo<\/span>, el haber<\/span> crecido<\/span> en un pa\u00eds<\/span> con libertades<\/span> que<\/span> no hab\u00eda<\/span> (ni<\/span> hay) aqu\u00ed<\/span> y donde<\/span> la situaci\u00f3n<\/span> de la mujer<\/span> es<\/span> otro<\/span> mundo<\/span>, me vino muy<\/span> bien”<\/span>, explica<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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\t\"alt\"La recuperaci\u00f3n<\/span> de la memoria<\/span> en Espa\u00f1a<\/span> y el resto<\/span> del mundo<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\tEn el Estado<\/span> espa\u00f1ol<\/span>, 75 a\u00f1os<\/span> despu\u00e9s<\/span> de la Guerra Civil y casi<\/span> 40 despu\u00e9s<\/span> de la muerte<\/span> de Franco, el an\u00e1lisis<\/span> de la transmisi\u00f3n<\/span> generacional<\/span> sigue<\/span> siendo<\/span> pr\u00e1cticamente<\/span> desconocido<\/span>. Mientras<\/span> que<\/span> en otros<\/span> pa\u00edses<\/span> que<\/span> sufrieron<\/span> traumas colectivos<\/span>– Alemania<\/span>, Austria, Holanda<\/span>, Chipre<\/span>, Argentina, entre<\/span> muchos<\/span> otros<\/span>– las<\/span> investigaciones<\/span> en torno<\/span> al impacto<\/span> en los descendientes<\/span> de las<\/span> v\u00edctimas<\/span> llevan<\/span> existiendo<\/span> desde<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> de medio<\/span> siglo<\/span>, en Espa\u00f1a<\/span> muy<\/span> pocos<\/span> profesionales<\/span> de la salud<\/span> mental son conscientes<\/span> de su<\/span> relevancia<\/span>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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\t“Aunque<\/span> al leer mi libro<\/span> hubo<\/span> mucha<\/span> gente<\/span> entusiasmada<\/span> y emocionada<\/span> por<\/span> comenzar<\/span> a pensar<\/span>, a indagar<\/span> y a hacer<\/span> ese<\/span> largo viaje<\/span> de desenterrar<\/span> las<\/span> palabras<\/span>, las<\/span> instituciones<\/span> no han<\/span> mostrado<\/span> ning\u00fan<\/span> inter\u00e9s<\/span>. Se mand\u00f3<\/span> informaci\u00f3n<\/span> sobre<\/span> el libro<\/span> a los que<\/span> ense\u00f1an<\/span> historia<\/span> y psicolog\u00eda<\/span> y otras<\/span> asignaturas<\/span> relevantes<\/span> en las<\/span> universidades<\/span>, pero<\/span> no pareci\u00f3<\/span> interesarles<\/span>. O m\u00e1s<\/span> bien<\/span> se pusieron<\/span> inc\u00f3modos<\/span> con el tema<\/span>. La mayor\u00eda<\/span> de con quienes<\/span> he hablado<\/span> han<\/span> reaccionado<\/span> con malestar”<\/span>, admite<\/span> Clara.<\/p>\n

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\tEn otros<\/span> pa\u00edses<\/span>, en cambio<\/span>, como<\/span> los que<\/span> han<\/span> sufrido<\/span> el proceso<\/span> de colonizaci\u00f3n<\/span>, el trabajo<\/span> sobre<\/span> la recuperaci\u00f3n<\/span> de la memoria<\/span> se encuentra<\/span> en fases<\/span> mucho<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> avanzadas<\/span>. Es<\/span> el caso<\/span>, por<\/span> ejemplo<\/span>, de Canad\u00e1<\/span>, donde<\/span> Clara Valverde<\/span> ha trabajado<\/span> en los a\u00f1os<\/span> 80 con el tema<\/span> del trauma transgeneracional<\/span> de la violencia<\/span> pol\u00edtica<\/span> en exiliados<\/span>, inmigrantes<\/span> e ind\u00edgenas<\/span>. En Norteam\u00e9rica<\/span> desde<\/span> hace<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> de treinta<\/span> a\u00f1os<\/span> que<\/span> existen<\/span> iniciativas<\/span> para<\/span> la elaboraci\u00f3n<\/span> del trauma posterior a la colonizaci\u00f3n<\/span> y son los propios<\/span> ind\u00edgenas<\/span> quienes<\/span> han<\/span> impulsado<\/span> ese<\/span> trabajo<\/span>. Ellos<\/span> combinan<\/span> sus<\/span> ceremonias<\/span> tradicionales<\/span> con las<\/span> terapias<\/span> que<\/span> conocen<\/span> de Occidente<\/span> para<\/span> la “curaci\u00f3n”<\/span>, que<\/span> entienden<\/span> como<\/span> “reducir<\/span> el da\u00f1o<\/span> de los traumas a trav\u00e9s<\/span> de poner<\/span> palabras<\/span> a los sentimientos”<\/span>, seg\u00fan<\/span> menciona<\/span> la autora<\/span>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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\tA ra\u00edz<\/span> de la experiencia<\/span> de estas<\/span> colectividades<\/span>, el Gobierno<\/span> de Canad\u00e1<\/span> tambi\u00e9n<\/span> se ha implicado<\/span> en la reparaci\u00f3n<\/span> hist\u00f3rica<\/span> a trav\u00e9s<\/span> de una<\/span> Comisi\u00f3n<\/span> de Verdad<\/span> y Reparaci\u00f3n<\/span> que<\/span> viaja<\/span> por<\/span> todo<\/span> el pa\u00eds<\/span> “llevando<\/span> a cabo<\/span> sesiones<\/span> p\u00fablicas<\/span> en las<\/span> que<\/span> todo<\/span> ind\u00edgena<\/span> puede<\/span> dar<\/span> testimonio<\/span> de lo vivido<\/span> y de los efectos<\/span> transgeneracionales<\/span> en su<\/span> familia<\/span> y comunidad”<\/span>, explica<\/span> Valverde<\/span>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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\tEn los pa\u00edses<\/span> en donde<\/span> se ha realizado<\/span> un trabajo<\/span> profundo<\/span> para<\/span> la elaboraci\u00f3n<\/span> del trauma hist\u00f3rico<\/span> se ha podido<\/span> constatar<\/span> que<\/span> la capacidad<\/span> del pueblo para<\/span> organizarse<\/span> pol\u00edticamente<\/span> y reclamar<\/span> sus<\/span> derechos<\/span> ha sido<\/span> mucho<\/span> mayor. “Un estado<\/span> de duda<\/span> generalizado<\/span> deja<\/span> a una<\/span> sociedad<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> vulnerable ante las<\/span> posibles<\/span> manipulaciones<\/span> de los poderosos<\/span> y los pol\u00edticos”<\/span>, afirma<\/span> Clara en su<\/span> libro<\/span>. Por<\/span> eso<\/span>, para<\/span> que<\/span> la recuperaci\u00f3n<\/span> de la memoria<\/span> se active definitivamente<\/span> en Espa\u00f1a<\/span> “es<\/span> necesario<\/span> que<\/span> la gente<\/span> se conscientice<\/span>, hable<\/span> y luche<\/span> por<\/span> unas<\/span> pol\u00edticas<\/span> justas<\/span> sobre<\/span> el pasado<\/span>– dice Valverde<\/span>– Depende<\/span> de nosotros<\/span>. No podemos<\/span> esperar<\/span> a que<\/span> lo hagan<\/span> los pol\u00edticos”<\/span>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Clara Valverde Gefaell, escritora sobre biopol\u00edtica y resistencia, explica en su \u00faltimo libro c\u00f3mo el silencio sobre lo sufrido durante la Guerra Civil y el franquismo, no solo no alivia sino que transmite el trauma hist\u00f3rico a trav\u00e9s de las generaciones. \u00a0 \u00a0<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,58],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6242","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-actualidad","category-estado-espanol"],"yoast_head":"\nCuando el franquismo nos rob\u00f3 las palabras - Revista Rambla<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/hay-que-analizar-el-trauma-historico-que-heredamos-y-que-nos-impide-ahora-luchar\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cuando el franquismo nos rob\u00f3 las palabras - 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