{"id":6101,"date":"2014-10-10T03:46:14","date_gmt":"2014-10-10T03:46:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/maneras-de-morir\/"},"modified":"2021-05-10T18:35:18","modified_gmt":"2021-05-10T16:35:18","slug":"maneras-de-morir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/maneras-de-morir\/","title":{"rendered":"Maneras de morir"},"content":{"rendered":"

La Asociaci\u00f3n por el Derecho a Morir Dignamente (DMD), fundada en 1984, tiene como objetivo declarado la defensa del derecho de toda persona a disponer de su cuerpo y de su vida, con la elecci\u00f3n libre y legal del momento y el modo en que desea morir.<\/p>\n

\"alt\"<\/p>\n

Entidad<\/span> sin \u00e1nimo<\/span> de lucro<\/span>, la DMD<\/span> se sostiene<\/span> exclusivamente<\/span> con las<\/span> aportaciones<\/span> econ\u00f3micas<\/span> de sus<\/span> socios<\/span>. Desde<\/span> su<\/span> misma<\/span> fundaci\u00f3n<\/span> est\u00e1<\/span> integrada<\/span> en la World Federation of Right to Die Societies <\/em>y cuenta<\/span> con secciones<\/span> en Andaluc\u00eda<\/span>, Arag\u00f3n<\/span>, Asturias<\/span>, Catalu\u00f1a<\/span>, Euskadi<\/span>, Galicia, Madrid, Navarra<\/span>, Toledo y Comunidad<\/span> Valenciana<\/span>. Su secretario<\/span> y portavoz<\/span> en Catalu\u00f1a<\/span> es<\/span> Gustavo Subirats<\/span><\/strong> (Barcelona, 1940), un ingeniero<\/span> industrial que<\/span> tom\u00f3<\/span> contacto<\/span> casual con la asociaci\u00f3n<\/span> en 1999, pocos<\/span> a\u00f1os<\/span> antes de jubilarse<\/span>; desde<\/span> 2002, cuando<\/span> se retir\u00f3<\/span> del ejercicio<\/span> profesional<\/span>, dedica<\/span> sus<\/span> energ\u00edas<\/span> de modo<\/span> altruista<\/span> a la causa<\/span> de la muerte<\/span> digna<\/span>.<\/p>\n

El concepto<\/span> de muerte<\/span> digna<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Pedimos<\/span> al portavoz<\/span> de DMD<\/span> que<\/span> nos defina<\/span> sucintamente<\/span> qu\u00e9<\/span> es<\/span> una<\/span> muerte<\/span> digna<\/span>, y responde<\/span> presto y seguro<\/span>: \u201cEs<\/span> aquella<\/span> que<\/span> tiene<\/span> lugar<\/span> en las<\/span> circunstancias<\/span> que<\/span> desea<\/span> el sujeto<\/span>. Normalmente<\/span> suele<\/span> ser<\/span> sin sufrimiento<\/span>; a veces<\/span> de modo<\/span> inconsciente<\/span>, mediante<\/span> sedaci\u00f3n<\/span>, en otras<\/span> ocasiones<\/span> conscientemente<\/span>, si<\/span> el enfermo<\/span> no padece<\/span> una<\/span> agon\u00eda<\/span> insoportable<\/span>. Tambi\u00e9n<\/span> requiere<\/span> la compa\u00f1\u00eda<\/span> de las<\/span> personas que<\/span> el afectado<\/span> desee<\/span>. Es<\/span> decir<\/span>, se trata<\/span> de respetar<\/span> la visi\u00f3n<\/span> subjetiva<\/span> que<\/span> cada<\/span> persona alberga<\/span> para<\/span> la hora<\/span> de su<\/span> muerte.\u201d De lo cual<\/span> se colige<\/span> que<\/span> la \u00fanica<\/span> generalizaci\u00f3n<\/span> posible<\/span> es<\/span> de tipo<\/span> formal, el cumplimiento<\/span> de voluntades<\/span>, puesto<\/span> que<\/span> los deseos<\/span> concretos<\/span> son en esencia<\/span> diversos<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Eutanasia<\/span> y suicidio<\/span> pasivo<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Muchas<\/span> personas identifican<\/span> muerte<\/span> digna<\/span> con eutanasia<\/span>, pero<\/span> no son necesariamente<\/span> lo mismo<\/span> aunque<\/span> est\u00e9n<\/span> relacionadas<\/span>. DMD<\/span> entiende<\/span> la eutanasia<\/span> \u201ccomo<\/span> una<\/span> variante<\/span> de la muerte<\/span> digna\u201d<\/span>; una<\/span> opci\u00f3n<\/span> entre<\/span> distintas<\/span> posibilidades<\/span>. \u201cPuede<\/span> ser<\/span> una<\/span> salida<\/span> digna<\/span> para<\/span> una<\/span> persona que<\/span> la desee<\/span> y la reclame<\/span>, pero<\/span> la mayor\u00eda<\/span> de las<\/span> personas no piden<\/span> la eutanasia<\/span>, que<\/span> solo tiene<\/span> lugar<\/span> en contadas<\/span> ocasiones.\u201d Y explica<\/span>: \u201cPor<\/span> definici\u00f3n<\/span>, eutanasia<\/span> es<\/span> la acci\u00f3n<\/span> que<\/span> realiza<\/span> un profesional<\/span> de la sanidad<\/span> para<\/span> acabar<\/span> con la vida<\/span> de un enfermo<\/span>, previa<\/span> petici\u00f3n<\/span> consciente<\/span> y sin coacci\u00f3n<\/span> sobre<\/span> el afectado<\/span>, en el caso<\/span> de que<\/span> este<\/span> padezca<\/span> sufrimientos<\/span> insoportables<\/span> e incurables. Por<\/span> tanto<\/span>, se trata<\/span> de una<\/span> acci\u00f3n<\/span> activa<\/span> y voluntaria.\u201d<\/p>\n

Subirats<\/span> menciona<\/span> otra<\/span> variante<\/span> de la muerte<\/span> digna<\/span>, el suicidio<\/span> m\u00e9dicamente<\/span> asistido<\/span>: \u201cConsiste<\/span> en facilitar<\/span> a una<\/span> persona los medios<\/span> necesarios<\/span> para<\/span> que<\/span> acabe<\/span> ella<\/span> misma<\/span> con su<\/span> vida<\/span>, de un modo<\/span> incruento<\/span> y, por<\/span> supuesto<\/span>, previa<\/span> petici\u00f3n<\/span> consciente<\/span> y libre<\/span> del afectado.\u201d<\/p>\n

DMD<\/span> est\u00e1<\/span> comprometida<\/span> con la exigencia<\/span> de despenalizaci\u00f3n<\/span> de ambas<\/span> pr\u00e1cticas<\/span>, que<\/span> considera<\/span> decisiones<\/span> leg\u00edtimas<\/span> de la persona sobre<\/span> su<\/span> propia<\/span> vida<\/span>. Cuando<\/span> se les pide<\/span> un<\/p>\n

argumento<\/span> \u00e9tico<\/span>, esgrimen<\/span> este<\/span>: \u201cAmbas<\/span> acciones<\/span> est\u00e1n<\/span> prohibidas<\/span> en la mayor\u00eda<\/span> de los pa\u00edses<\/span>. Sin embargo, quien<\/span> se somete<\/span> a ellas<\/span> est\u00e1<\/span> haciendo<\/span> uso<\/span> de su<\/span> libertad<\/span> personal sin vulnerar<\/span> los derechos<\/span> de otras<\/span> personas, por<\/span> ello<\/span> pensamos<\/span> que<\/span> deber\u00edan<\/span> ser<\/span> legalizadas<\/span>. Desde<\/span> luego<\/span>, hay que<\/span> garantizar<\/span> la libre<\/span> voluntariedad<\/span> \u2013de otro<\/span> modo<\/span> nos encontrar\u00edamos<\/span> ante un asesinato\u2013<\/span> y que<\/span> no haya<\/span> inducci\u00f3n<\/span> por<\/span> parte<\/span> ajena.\u201d<\/p>\n

Los cuidados<\/span> paliativos<\/span> no son la panacea<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Como otros<\/span> pont\u00edfices<\/span> anteriores<\/span>, el expapa<\/span> Benedicto<\/span> XVI insisti\u00f3<\/span> en que<\/span> la eutanasia<\/span> es<\/span> un crimen<\/span> y de nuevo<\/span> recalc\u00f3<\/span> la bondad<\/span> de los cuidados<\/span> paliativos<\/span>. El portavoz<\/span> de DMD<\/span> sostiene<\/span> que<\/span> \u201ctodo<\/span> enfermo<\/span> terminal tiene<\/span> derecho<\/span> a morir<\/span> sin sufrimiento<\/span>. A veces<\/span>, ese<\/span> objetivo<\/span> se consigue<\/span> con los cuidados<\/span> paliativos<\/span>, pero<\/span>, a\u00fan<\/span> as\u00ed<\/span>, estos<\/span> no impiden<\/span> que<\/span> mucha<\/span> gente<\/span> desee<\/span> otro<\/span> tipo<\/span> de muerte<\/span>. Del mismo<\/span> modo<\/span>, pr\u00e1cticamente<\/span> todas<\/span> las<\/span> personas que<\/span> optan<\/span> por<\/span> una<\/span> muerte<\/span> digna<\/span> han<\/span> recibido<\/span> previamente<\/span> paliativos<\/span>. No se trata<\/span> de respuestas<\/span> antag\u00f3nicas<\/span>, ni<\/span> siquiera<\/span> contradictorias\u201d<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Hay enfermedades<\/span> que<\/span> suman<\/span> al dolor \u2013la causa<\/span> de padecimiento<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> com\u00fan\u2013<\/span> los llamados<\/span> \u201cs\u00edntomas<\/span> refractarios\u201d<\/span>, que<\/span> ni<\/span> siquiera<\/span> remiten<\/span> con cuidados<\/span> paliativos<\/span>. \u201cPongamos<\/span> por<\/span> caso<\/span> \u2013explica<\/span> Subirats\u2013<\/span> las<\/span> \u00falceras<\/span> de dec\u00fabito\u201d<\/span>, llagas<\/span> profundas<\/span> causadas<\/span> por<\/span> la presi\u00f3n<\/span> del cuerpo<\/span> sobre<\/span> la silla<\/span> de ruedas<\/span> o el lecho<\/span> donde<\/span> se yace<\/span>, \u201cque<\/span> en los peores<\/span> casos<\/span> no resta\u00f1an<\/span> y, adem\u00e1s<\/span>, hieden<\/span> intensamente<\/span>, provocando<\/span> no solo dolor, sino<\/span> un sentimiento<\/span> de humillaci\u00f3n<\/span> y rechazo<\/span> en el propio<\/span> enfermo<\/span>; o los enfisemas<\/span> en fase<\/span> avanzada<\/span>, que<\/span> abocan<\/span> al paciente<\/span> a una<\/span> situaci\u00f3n<\/span> continuada<\/span> de asfixia<\/span>… Hay situaciones<\/span> en las<\/span> que<\/span> una<\/span> persona se ve<\/span> desvirtuada<\/span>, ajena<\/span> a s\u00ed<\/span> misma<\/span>, y es<\/span> comprensible<\/span> y leg\u00edtimo<\/span> que<\/span> opte<\/span> por<\/span> poner<\/span> fin a sus<\/span> d\u00edas<\/span>. En resumen<\/span>: somos<\/span> partidarios<\/span> de los cuidados<\/span> paliativos<\/span>, c\u00f3mo<\/span> no, pero<\/span>, \u00a1a cada<\/span> cual<\/span> lo que<\/span> pida<\/span>!\u201d<\/p>\n

Elabsurdo de sufrir<\/span> sin esperanza<\/span> ni<\/span> objeto<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Ahora<\/span>, una<\/span> pregunta<\/span> comprometida<\/span>: \u00bfcree<\/span> usted<\/span> que<\/span> deber\u00eda<\/span> generalizarse<\/span> en la pr\u00e1ctica<\/span> m\u00e9dica<\/span>, previa<\/span> legalizaci\u00f3n<\/span>, la aplicaci\u00f3n<\/span> de una<\/span> muerte<\/span> no dolorosa<\/span> a todos<\/span> los enfermos<\/span> cl\u00ednicamente<\/span> desahuciados<\/span> que<\/span> caigan<\/span> en un estado<\/span> de inconsciencia<\/span>, aunque<\/span> no se haya<\/span> manifestado<\/span> al respecto<\/span> cuando<\/span> estaba<\/span> consciente<\/span> e incluso<\/span> si<\/span> la familia<\/span> se niegue<\/span> a ello<\/span>? Este<\/span> proceder<\/span>, \u00bfser\u00eda<\/span> un acto<\/span> de compasi\u00f3n<\/span> o una<\/span> forma de asesinato<\/span>? La cuesti\u00f3n<\/span> es<\/span> tan peliaguda<\/span> que<\/span> \u201cla asociaci\u00f3n<\/span> no tiene<\/span> una<\/span> postura<\/span> concreta<\/span> ante este<\/span> caso\u201d<\/span>. Sin embargo, el entrevistado<\/span> responde<\/span> \u201ca t\u00edtulo<\/span> personal: creo<\/span> que<\/span> cuando<\/span> un enfermo<\/span> se encuentra<\/span> en un estado<\/span> de agon\u00eda<\/span> irreversible y sujeto<\/span> a grandes<\/span> sufrimientos<\/span>, no tiene<\/span> sentido<\/span> hacer<\/span> que<\/span> su<\/span> vida<\/span> perdure\u201d<\/span>.<\/p>\n

La virtud<\/span> del deshacer<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\"alt\"<\/h3>\n

La rumorolog\u00eda<\/span> popular habla<\/span> de eutanasias<\/span> encubiertas<\/span> en los hospitales<\/span> espa\u00f1oles<\/span>; a veces<\/span>, esa<\/span> vox<\/span> populi<\/span><\/em> es<\/span> manipulada<\/span> por<\/span> ciertos<\/span> pol\u00edticos<\/span>, y tambi\u00e9n<\/span> por<\/span> la prensa<\/span> que<\/span> presume de seria<\/span> y se vanagloria<\/span> de una<\/span> observancia<\/span> deontol\u00f3gica<\/span> pretendidamente<\/span> intachable<\/span>, como<\/span> ocurri\u00f3<\/span> con el calumnioso<\/span> esc\u00e1ndalo<\/span> del Hospital Severo<\/span> Ochoa de Legan\u00e9s<\/span>. Subirats<\/span> se muestra<\/span> tajante<\/span> al rechazar<\/span> este<\/span> chisme<\/span>: \u201cNo debe<\/span> confundirse<\/span> la eutanasia<\/span>, por<\/span> la cual<\/span> se administra<\/span> una<\/span> sustancia<\/span> que<\/span> hace<\/span> perecer<\/span> activamente<\/span> aunque<\/span> sin sufrimiento<\/span>, con la sedaci\u00f3n<\/span> terminal, que<\/span> libera<\/span> al enfermo<\/span> de dolores<\/span> insoportables<\/span> con la p\u00e9rdida<\/span> de la conciencia<\/span>. En el segundo<\/span> caso<\/span>, la muerte<\/span> no es<\/span> el resultado<\/span> de una<\/span> acci\u00f3n<\/span> intencionada<\/span>, sino<\/span> del curso<\/span> natural de la propia<\/span> enfermedad<\/span>. Cabe<\/span> decir<\/span> que<\/span> la sedaci\u00f3n<\/span> terminal es<\/span> completamente<\/span> legal en Espa\u00f1a.\u201d \u00bfY cuando<\/span> una<\/span> persona est\u00e1<\/span> conectada<\/span> a un ventilador<\/span> mec\u00e1nico<\/span> para<\/span> poder<\/span> respirar<\/span> y se le retira<\/span> el aparato<\/span>?\u201cTampoco<\/span> cabe<\/span> hablar<\/span> de eutanasia<\/span>. Solo se est\u00e1<\/span> suprimiendo<\/span> el tratamiento<\/span>; dejar<\/span> de hacer<\/span> algo<\/span> para<\/span> el mantenimiento<\/span> artificial de la vida<\/span>; no es<\/span> hacer<\/span>, sino<\/span> deshacer.\u201d<\/p>\n

El Testamento<\/span> Vital<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Otra<\/span> de las<\/span> labores<\/span> de DMD<\/span> consiste<\/span> en la difusi\u00f3n<\/span> del Documento<\/span> de Voluntades<\/span> Anticipadas<\/span> (DVA<\/span>) o Testamento<\/span> Vital, as\u00ed<\/span> como<\/span> la vigilancia<\/span> de su<\/span> cumplimiento<\/span>. La asociaci\u00f3n<\/span> facilita<\/span> un modelo<\/span> de DVA<\/span>, as\u00ed<\/span> como<\/span> asesoramiento<\/span> gratuito<\/span> sobre<\/span> el mismo<\/span> y un registro<\/span> para<\/span> tales documentos<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00bfEn qu\u00e9<\/span> consiste<\/span> el Testamento<\/span> Vital?: \u201cEs<\/span> un documento<\/span> de \u00faltimas<\/span> voluntades<\/span> anticipadas<\/span>. Su texto<\/span> establece<\/span> lo que<\/span> una<\/span> persona quiere<\/span> que<\/span> le hagan<\/span> o dejen<\/span> de hacerle<\/span> en caso<\/span> de enfermedad<\/span> irreversible y con graves padecimientos<\/span>. No requiere<\/span> grandes<\/span> formalidades<\/span>: al igual<\/span> que<\/span> un testamento<\/span> de herencia<\/span> de bienes<\/span> materiales<\/span>, se admite<\/span> hol\u00f3grafo<\/span> (es<\/span> decir<\/span>, manuscrito<\/span> y firmado<\/span>). Sin embargo, para<\/span> facilitar<\/span> la tarea<\/span> hay unos<\/span> modelos<\/span> ya<\/span> confeccionados<\/span>, donde<\/span> constan<\/span> los deseos<\/span> expresados<\/span> por<\/span> la mayor\u00eda<\/span> de la gente<\/span>, y a los que<\/span> puede<\/span> a\u00f1adirse<\/span> cualquier<\/span> otra<\/span> disposici\u00f3n<\/span> no indicada<\/span> en el formulario<\/span> (o en su<\/span> caso<\/span>, enmendar<\/span> o eliminar<\/span> lo ya<\/span> escrito<\/span> de antemano<\/span>). Para tener<\/span> validez<\/span>, el Testamento<\/span> Vital debe<\/span> incluir<\/span> la firma de tres<\/span> testigos<\/span> o fe<\/span> de notario.Suelen repartirse<\/span> copias<\/span> entre<\/span> los familiares<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> pr\u00f3ximos<\/span>, pero<\/span> tambi\u00e9n<\/span> existen<\/span> registros<\/span> oficiales<\/span> para<\/span> depositarlo<\/span>; de todos<\/span> modos<\/span>, no es<\/span> obligatorio<\/span> su<\/span> archivado<\/span> en ninguna<\/span> instancia<\/span> administrativa<\/span>. El equipo<\/span> m\u00e9dico<\/span> que<\/span> reciba<\/span> este<\/span> testamento<\/span> estar\u00e1<\/span> obligado<\/span> a cumplir<\/span> con sus<\/span> disposiciones\u201d<\/span>.<\/p>\n

El DVA<\/span> tiene<\/span> una<\/span> aceptaci\u00f3n<\/span> creciente<\/span>. En Catalu\u00f1a<\/span> hay unos<\/span> 60.000 depositados<\/span> en el registro<\/span> oficial<\/span> de la Generalitat<\/span><\/em> (el doble<\/span> que<\/span> hace<\/span> dos a\u00f1os<\/span>), adem\u00e1s<\/span> de los muchos<\/span> no inscritos<\/span>, que<\/span> podr\u00edan<\/span> ser<\/span> otros<\/span> tantos<\/span>. Por<\/span> grupos<\/span> de edad<\/span>, el mayor n\u00famero<\/span> de demandantes<\/span> corresponde<\/span> a los mayores<\/span> de cincuenta<\/span> a\u00f1os<\/span>, \u201caunque<\/span> una<\/span> persona de veinte<\/span> est\u00e1<\/span> expuesta<\/span> a un accidente<\/span> o a una<\/span> enfermedad<\/span> aguda<\/span> igual<\/span> que<\/span> un anciano<\/span>. Es<\/span> cuesti\u00f3n<\/span> de mentalidad<\/span>, con el paso<\/span> de los a\u00f1os<\/span> se hace<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> frecuente<\/span> el pensamiento<\/span> de la muerte<\/span>. Pero<\/span> insisto<\/span>, habr\u00eda<\/span> que<\/span> tener<\/span> el DVA<\/span> a cualquier<\/span> edad\u201d<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Siguen<\/span> siendo<\/span>, empero<\/span>, gran<\/span> mayor\u00eda<\/span> quienes<\/span> no hacen<\/span> Testamento<\/span> Vital. Si una<\/span> persona cae<\/span> en un estado<\/span> de inconsciencia<\/span> sin tener<\/span> su<\/span> DVA<\/span>, y su<\/span> estado<\/span> cl\u00ednico<\/span> es<\/span> terminal, \u00bfalguien<\/span> tiene<\/span> capacidad<\/span> para<\/span> decidir<\/span> sobre<\/span> su<\/span> vida<\/span>? \u201cCuando<\/span> una<\/span> persona se halla<\/span> en estado<\/span> de inconsciencia<\/span> irreversible y no ha expresado<\/span> su<\/span> voluntad<\/span> anteriormente<\/span>, la ley<\/span> asigna<\/span> la decisi\u00f3n<\/span> al familiar m\u00e1s<\/span> pr\u00f3ximo<\/span>; caso<\/span> de ser<\/span> una<\/span> persona sin familiares<\/span> o sin identificar<\/span>, la responsabilidad<\/span> corresponde<\/span> de oficio<\/span> al m\u00e9dico<\/span>. El mandato<\/span> nos parece<\/span> acertado<\/span>, en el sentido<\/span> de que<\/span> son los familiares<\/span> cercanos<\/span> quienes<\/span> conocen<\/span> mejor<\/span> la voluntad<\/span>, principios<\/span> y creencias<\/span> de esa<\/span> persona enferma<\/span> que<\/span> no puede<\/span> expresarse.\u201d Sin embargo, casos<\/span> hay con opiniones<\/span> enfrentadas<\/span>: esposas<\/span> y padres, por<\/span> ejemplo<\/span>, que<\/span> mantienen<\/span> diferentes<\/span> puntos<\/span> de vista sobre<\/span> la necesidad<\/span> de continuar<\/span> o poner<\/span> t\u00e9rmino<\/span> a la vida<\/span> del marido<\/span>\/hijo<\/span>, e incluso<\/span> llegan<\/span> al litigio<\/span> judicial… \u201cLos jueces<\/span> deciden<\/span> entonces<\/span> y a veces<\/span> los casos<\/span> se complican<\/span> y alargan<\/span> en demas\u00eda<\/span>; por<\/span> supuesto<\/span>, en detrimento<\/span> del enfermo<\/span>. De ah\u00ed<\/span> la conveniencia<\/span> del DVA.\u201d<\/p>\n

Panorama internacional\u2026<\/span> y nacional<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

La toma<\/span> de conciencia<\/span> ciudadana<\/span> es<\/span> lenta<\/span> en todos<\/span> los continentes<\/span>. Actualmente<\/span>, la eutanasia<\/span> activa<\/span> solo est\u00e1<\/span> regulada<\/span> legalmente<\/span> en B\u00e9lgica<\/span>, los Pa\u00edses<\/span> Bajos<\/span> y Luxemburgo<\/span>. El suicidio<\/span> asistido<\/span>, en Suiza<\/span>, Jap\u00f3n<\/span>, algunos<\/span> estados<\/span> de los Estados<\/span> Unidos<\/span> (Montana, Oregon, Vermont, Washington) y el estado<\/span> de Victoria (Australia), aparte<\/span> de los pa\u00edses<\/span> del Benelux; Noruega<\/span>, Dinamarca<\/span>, Alemania<\/span> y Austria no lo han<\/span> legalizado<\/span>, pero<\/span> se muestran<\/span> tolerantes<\/span> con su<\/span> pr\u00e1ctica<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Por<\/span> lo que<\/span> a Espa\u00f1a<\/span> se refiere<\/span>, \u201cel PSOE<\/span> aventur\u00f3<\/span> alguna<\/span> vez<\/span> su<\/span> intenci\u00f3n<\/span> de regularizar<\/span> legalmente<\/span> la cuesti\u00f3n<\/span>, pero<\/span> luego<\/span>, cuando<\/span> lleg\u00f3<\/span> al gobierno<\/span>, el prop\u00f3sito<\/span> cay\u00f3<\/span> en el olvido<\/span>. As\u00ed<\/span>, entre<\/span> los partidos<\/span> que<\/span> lo proponen<\/span> y luego<\/span> no lo hacen<\/span>, y los que<\/span> nunca<\/span> lo han<\/span> propuesto<\/span>, en Espa\u00f1a<\/span> \u2013y Catalu\u00f1a\u2013<\/span> no avanzamos<\/span> nada en cuanto<\/span> a este<\/span> asunto\u201d<\/span>.<\/p>\n

En cuanto<\/span> a la afinidad<\/span> con el discurso<\/span> \u00e9tico<\/span> de DMD<\/span>, \u201cla izquierda<\/span> suele<\/span> ser<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> proclive<\/span> que<\/span> la derecha<\/span>, reacia<\/span> por<\/span> su<\/span> tradicional<\/span> inspiraci\u00f3n<\/span> religiosa<\/span>, pero<\/span> solo en l\u00edneas<\/span> generales\u201d<\/span>.<\/p>\n

La opini\u00f3n<\/span> de los m\u00e9dicos<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Los facultativos<\/span>, como<\/span> parte<\/span> concernida<\/span>, merecen<\/span> ser<\/span> escuchados<\/span> en este<\/span> debate. \u00bfCu\u00e1l<\/span> es<\/span> la posici\u00f3n<\/span> mayoritaria<\/span> de la profesi\u00f3n<\/span> m\u00e9dica<\/span> con respecto<\/span> a la muerte<\/span> digna<\/span>? \u201cYo<\/span> dir\u00eda<\/span> que<\/span> el cien<\/span> por<\/span> ciento<\/span> de los m\u00e9dicos<\/span> son partidarios<\/span> de ella\u2026<\/span> Cuando<\/span> menos<\/span>, eso<\/span> dicen<\/span> en privado<\/span>, porque<\/span> en la pr\u00e1ctica<\/span> act\u00faan<\/span> de modo<\/span> contradictorio<\/span>. En Espa\u00f1a<\/span> hay una<\/span> encuesta<\/span> del Centro de Investigaciones<\/span> Sociol\u00f3gicas<\/span> (CIS), realizada<\/span> en torno<\/span> al a\u00f1o<\/span> 2000, seg\u00fan<\/span> la cual<\/span> casi<\/span> el 60 % de los facultativos<\/span> est\u00e1n<\/span> a favor de la despenalizaci\u00f3n<\/span> de la eutanasia<\/span> y el suicidio<\/span> asistido<\/span>; sin embargo, en p\u00fablico<\/span> omiten<\/span> el asunto<\/span> o suelen<\/span> negarlo<\/span>. Las presiones<\/span> sociales<\/span> y profesionales<\/span> son muy<\/span> fuertes.\u201d<\/p>\n

Recordamos<\/span> al entrevistado<\/span> uno<\/span> de los art\u00edculos<\/span> del juramento<\/span> hipocr\u00e1tico<\/span>: no acceder\u00e9<\/span> a pretensiones<\/span> que<\/span> busquen<\/span> la administraci\u00f3n<\/span> de venenos<\/span>, ni<\/span> sugerir\u00e9<\/span> a nadie<\/span> cosa<\/span> semejante<\/span> (sic). Y Subirats<\/span> contraataca<\/span>: \u201cLa medicina<\/span> de los tiempos<\/span> de Hip\u00f3crates<\/span> no tiene<\/span> nada que<\/span> ver<\/span> con la pr\u00e1ctica<\/span> m\u00e9dica<\/span> actual; habr\u00eda<\/span> que<\/span> redactar<\/span> un nuevo<\/span> juramento<\/span>, debidamente<\/span> actualizado<\/span>, del cual<\/span> ya<\/span> circulan<\/span> modelos\u201d<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Pero<\/span> insistimos<\/span>: ese<\/span> juramento<\/span> sigue<\/span> teniendo<\/span> una<\/span> significaci\u00f3n<\/span> simb\u00f3lica<\/span>, y tambi\u00e9n<\/span> factual, y la porf\u00eda<\/span> da<\/span> pie al entrevistado<\/span> para<\/span> abordar<\/span> una<\/span> cuesti\u00f3n<\/span> crucial: \u201cEl principal problema<\/span> del viejo<\/span> juramento<\/span> hipocr\u00e1tico<\/span> estriba<\/span> en que<\/span> no respeta<\/span> los derechos<\/span> del paciente<\/span>, establecidos<\/span> por<\/span> la Ley<\/span> de sanidad<\/span> de 1986. Entre<\/span> esos<\/span> derechos<\/span> \u2013quince en total\u2013 figura<\/span> la potestad<\/span> de elegir<\/span> entre<\/span> todas<\/span> las<\/span> opciones<\/span> de tratamiento<\/span> ofrecidas<\/span> por<\/span> el m\u00e9dico<\/span>. Y si<\/span> el facultativo<\/span> no aporta<\/span> una<\/span> terapia<\/span> que<\/span> el paciente<\/span> considere<\/span> razonable<\/span>, este<\/span> tiene<\/span> derecho<\/span> a cambiar<\/span> de m\u00e9dico<\/span>. Por<\/span> supuesto<\/span>, la elecci\u00f3n<\/span> de tratamiento<\/span> incluye<\/span> la facultad<\/span> de no admitir<\/span> ninguno<\/span>; el derecho<\/span> a no ser<\/span> tratado<\/span>, aunque<\/span> ello<\/span> suponga<\/span> la muerte<\/span>. Quien<\/span> quebrante<\/span> esas<\/span> instrucciones<\/span> estar\u00e1<\/span> incurriendo<\/span> en responsabilidades<\/span> no ya<\/span> civiles<\/span>, sino<\/span> penales.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nadie<\/span> piense<\/span>, empero<\/span>, que<\/span> DMD<\/span> pretende<\/span> vilipendiar<\/span> a la profesi\u00f3n<\/span> m\u00e9dica<\/span>. Es<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span>, nuestro<\/span> entrevistado<\/span> comprende<\/span> que<\/span> \u201cla eutanasia<\/span> activa<\/span> implica<\/span> una<\/span> fuerte<\/span> tensi\u00f3n<\/span> emocional<\/span> para<\/span> el m\u00e9dico<\/span> que<\/span> la aplica<\/span>, sobre<\/span> todo<\/span> si<\/span> tiene<\/span> v\u00ednculos<\/span> estrechos<\/span> con su<\/span> paciente<\/span> y la familia<\/span> de este<\/span>. Menos<\/span> traum\u00e1tico<\/span> es<\/span> el suicidio<\/span> asistido<\/span>: se dispone<\/span> lo necesario<\/span> para<\/span> una<\/span> muerte<\/span> sin sufrimiento<\/span> alguno<\/span>, a petici\u00f3n<\/span> de la persona concernida<\/span>, y en \u00faltima<\/span> instancia<\/span> solo ella<\/span> es<\/span> quien<\/span> protagoniza<\/span> la acci\u00f3n<\/span> de poner<\/span> fin a su<\/span> vida\u201d<\/span>. Situaciones<\/span> que<\/span> no son las<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> demandas<\/span>, puesto<\/span> que<\/span> \u201cla mayor\u00eda<\/span> de la gente<\/span> prefiere<\/span> la sedaci\u00f3n<\/span> a cualquier<\/span> otra<\/span> forma de muerte<\/span> digna\u201d<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\"alt\"<\/p>\n

El di\u00e1logo<\/span> con la religi\u00f3n<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Hay una<\/span> concepci\u00f3n<\/span> religiosa<\/span> que<\/span> entiende<\/span> la vida<\/span> como<\/span> una<\/span> donaci\u00f3n<\/span> de origen<\/span> superior a la propia<\/span> persona, y que<\/span> por<\/span> tanto<\/span> no puede<\/span> ser<\/span> interrumpida<\/span> en ninguna<\/span> circunstancia<\/span>. Frente<\/span> a ella<\/span>, la visi\u00f3n<\/span> laica<\/span> concibe<\/span> esa<\/span> misma<\/span> vida<\/span> como<\/span> propiedad<\/span> b\u00e1sica<\/span> del ser<\/span> humano<\/span>, la \u00fanica<\/span> sobre<\/span> la que<\/span> puede<\/span> ser<\/span> enteramente<\/span> soberano<\/span>, tanto<\/span> a la hora<\/span> de encauzarla<\/span> en uno<\/span> u otro<\/span> sentido<\/span>, seg\u00fan<\/span> su<\/span> voluntad<\/span>, como<\/span> en el momento<\/span> en que<\/span> se desee<\/span> prescindir<\/span> de mantenerla<\/span>. Si el primero<\/span> de estos<\/span> planteamientos<\/span> pone su<\/span> acento<\/span> en la existencia<\/span> (la vida<\/span> como<\/span> bien<\/span> objetivo<\/span>, supremo<\/span> e intangible en cualquier<\/span> situaci\u00f3n<\/span>), el segundo<\/span> hace<\/span> lo propio<\/span> en la esencia<\/span> (la vida<\/span> como<\/span> proyecto<\/span> y deseo<\/span> genuinamente<\/span> subjetivo<\/span>, particular, y por<\/span> ello<\/span> sujeta<\/span> al dictamen<\/span> de su<\/span> usuario<\/span> y due\u00f1o<\/span>).<\/p>\n

Ni DMD<\/span> ni<\/span> su<\/span> portavoz<\/span> ven<\/span> problem\u00e1tica<\/span> esta<\/span> contraposici\u00f3n<\/span> de perspectivas<\/span>. \u201cQue<\/span> cada<\/span> persona tenga<\/span> su<\/span> creencia<\/span>, pero<\/span> desde<\/span> la convicci\u00f3n<\/span> de que<\/span> solo es<\/span> v\u00e1lida<\/span> para<\/span> s\u00ed<\/span> mismo<\/span>, y que<\/span> entienda<\/span> que<\/span> otras<\/span> personas pueden<\/span> optar<\/span> por<\/span> decisiones<\/span> diferentes<\/span>, siempre<\/span> sin da\u00f1o<\/span> a terceros\u201d<\/span>, recomienda<\/span> Subirats<\/span>. Y remarca<\/span>: \u201cQue<\/span> cada<\/span> cual<\/span> se aplique<\/span> sus<\/span> propias<\/span> creencias<\/span>, pero<\/span> sin impon\u00e9rselas<\/span> a los dem\u00e1s<\/span>. En este<\/span> sentido<\/span>, la despenalizaci\u00f3n<\/span> de la eutanasia<\/span> implicar\u00eda<\/span> una<\/span> ley<\/span> de libertades<\/span>, no de obligaciones<\/span>. Como bien<\/span> dice Salvador P\u00e1niker<\/span>, nuestro<\/span> presidente<\/span> honorario<\/span>: equiparar<\/span> la eutanasia<\/span> con el asesinato<\/span> es<\/span> como<\/span> considerar<\/span> que<\/span> hacer<\/span> el amor es<\/span> una<\/span> violaci\u00f3n.\u201d<\/p>\n

Le recuerdo<\/span> una<\/span> frase<\/span> del te\u00f3logo<\/span> Hans K\u00fcng<\/span>, presente<\/span> en la p\u00e1gina<\/span> web de la asociaci\u00f3n<\/span>: \u201cSi la vida<\/span> es<\/span> un regalo<\/span> de Dios<\/span>, \u00bfpor<\/span> qu\u00e9<\/span> no aceptar<\/span> la posibilidad<\/span> de devolv\u00e9rselo<\/span> con agradecimiento<\/span> y generosidad<\/span>?\u201d. Nuestro<\/span> entrevistado<\/span> precisa<\/span>: El quinto<\/span> mandamiento<\/span> se nos ha ense\u00f1ado<\/span> como<\/span> No matar\u00e1s<\/span><\/em>. Se trata<\/span> de una<\/span> mala<\/span> traducci\u00f3n<\/span> del hebreo<\/span>, su<\/span> sentido<\/span> original es<\/span> No asesinar\u00e1s<\/span><\/em>. Por<\/span> tanto<\/span>, la eutanasia<\/span> no lo viola\u201d, y a\u00f1ade<\/span> que<\/span> en DMD<\/span> hay miembros<\/span> laicos<\/span> y creyentes<\/span>, incluso<\/span> algunos<\/span> sacerdotes<\/span>, aunque<\/span> los \u00faltimos<\/span> sean<\/span> \u201ccasos<\/span> aislados<\/span>, pues<\/span> no cabe<\/span> considerar<\/span> que<\/span> haya<\/span> una<\/span> corriente<\/span> organizada<\/span> dentro<\/span> de la Iglesia<\/span> favorable a la muerte<\/span> digna\u201d<\/span>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Crece en nuestra sociedad la convicci\u00f3n de que todo sujeto tiene derecho a disponer el modo de su muerte<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,76],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6101","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-actualidad","category-barcelona"],"yoast_head":"\nManeras de morir - Revista Rambla<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/maneras-de-morir\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Maneras de morir - Revista Rambla\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Crece en nuestra sociedad la convicci\u00f3n de que todo sujeto tiene derecho a disponer el modo de su muerte\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/maneras-de-morir\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Revista Rambla\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/revistarambla\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/revistarambla\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-10-10T03:46:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-05-10T16:35:18+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.revistarambla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/morir_dignament_Rambla_01.jpg?fit=682%2C430&ssl=1\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"682\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"430\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"R@mbla\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@revistarambla\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@revistarambla\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"R@mbla\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"12 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/maneras-de-morir\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/maneras-de-morir\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"R@mbla\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/a146a5a2550b94981a75131180e1bd9c\"},\"headline\":\"Maneras de morir\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-10-10T03:46:14+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-05-10T16:35:18+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/maneras-de-morir\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2655,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/maneras-de-morir\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2014\\\/10\\\/morir_dignament_Rambla_02.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Actualidad\",\"Barcelona\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/maneras-de-morir\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/maneras-de-morir\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistarambla.com\\\/maneras-de-morir\\\/\",\"name\":\"Maneras de morir - 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