{"id":5870,"date":"2014-09-08T05:25:04","date_gmt":"2014-09-08T05:25:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/hace-cien-anos-miscelanea-de-1914\/"},"modified":"2014-09-08T05:25:04","modified_gmt":"2014-09-08T05:25:04","slug":"hace-cien-anos-miscelanea-de-1914","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/hace-cien-anos-miscelanea-de-1914\/","title":{"rendered":"Hace cien a\u00f1os: miscel\u00e1nea de 1914"},"content":{"rendered":"

\t\"alt\"El a\u00f1o<\/span> 1914 ha pasado<\/span> a la historia<\/span> como<\/span> inicio<\/span> de la Gran Guerra o Primera<\/span> Guerra Mundial<\/span>. Pero<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> all\u00e1<\/span> del acontecer<\/span> b\u00e9lico<\/span>, a lo largo de sus<\/span> meses<\/span> y semanas<\/span> se sucedieron<\/span> otras<\/span> noticias<\/span> de relevancia<\/span> hist\u00f3rica<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\tEl a\u00f1o<\/span> 1914 ha pasado<\/span> a la historia<\/span> como<\/span> inicio<\/span> de la Gran Guerra o Primera<\/span> Guerra Mundial<\/span>. Pero<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> all\u00e1<\/span> del acontecer<\/span> b\u00e9lico<\/span>, a lo largo de sus<\/span> meses<\/span> y semanas<\/span> se sucedieron<\/span> otras<\/span> noticias<\/span> de relevancia<\/span> hist\u00f3rica<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\"alt\"<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tEl archiduque<\/span> Francisco Fernando, heredero<\/span> del Imperio<\/span> austro-h\u00fangaro<\/span>, y su<\/span> esposa<\/span>, la archiduquesa<\/span> Sof\u00eda<\/span>, fueron<\/span> asesinados<\/span> a tiros<\/span> en la ciudad<\/span> de Sarajevo –la capital de Bosnia-Herzegovina, por<\/span> entonces<\/span> dominio<\/span> del Imperio<\/span> austr\u00edaco–<\/span> el 28 de junio<\/span> de 1914. Este<\/span> crimen<\/span> prendi\u00f3<\/span> con la llama de la guerra<\/span> la tensa<\/span> ret\u00edcula<\/span> de intereses<\/span> econ\u00f3micos<\/span> que<\/span> enfrentaban<\/span> a las<\/span> grandes<\/span> potencias<\/span> europeas<\/span> del per\u00edodo<\/span> de la Paz Armada: un mes<\/span> despu\u00e9s<\/span>, el 28 de julio<\/span>, Austria-Hungr\u00eda<\/span> declar\u00f3<\/span> la guerra<\/span> a Serbia, al considerar<\/span> que<\/span> el magnicida<\/span> –el nacionalista<\/span> serbobosnio<\/span> Gavrilo<\/span> Princip–<\/span> hab\u00eda<\/span> contado<\/span> con la colaboraci\u00f3n<\/span> de los servicios<\/span> secretos<\/span> de dicho<\/span> pa\u00eds<\/span>. Alemania<\/span> respald\u00f3<\/span> a sus<\/span> vecinos<\/span> y aliados<\/span> austr\u00edacos<\/span>, mientras<\/span> que<\/span> Reino<\/span> Unido<\/span>, Francia<\/span>, Italia y Rusia<\/span> hicieron<\/span> lo propio<\/span> con los serbios<\/span>. La Gran Guerra (1914-1918) estaba<\/span> servida<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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\tFervor popular versus desencanto<\/span> intelectual<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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\tSi la prensa<\/span> de la \u00e9poca<\/span> no miente<\/span>, el estallido<\/span> del conflicto<\/span> fue<\/span> acogido<\/span> con muestras<\/span> de fervor popular en todos<\/span> los pa\u00edses<\/span> implicados<\/span>; sobre<\/span> todo<\/span> porque<\/span> ambos<\/span> bandos<\/span> estaban<\/span> firmemente<\/span> convencidos<\/span> de su<\/span> superioridad<\/span> militar<\/span>. Unos<\/span> y otros<\/span> esperaban<\/span> la fulgurante<\/span> victoria que<\/span> los primeros<\/span> grandes<\/span> combates<\/span> demostraron<\/span> ilusoria<\/span>, sobre<\/span> todo<\/span> cuando<\/span> los frentes<\/span> se estancaron<\/span> en una<\/span> cruenta<\/span> guerra<\/span> de trincheras<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tFrente<\/span> a la alegr\u00eda<\/span> suicida<\/span> de tantos<\/span> y tantos<\/span> millones<\/span> de gladiadores<\/span> llamados<\/span> a la muerte<\/span>, buena<\/span> parte<\/span> de la clase<\/span> intelectual<\/span> europea<\/span> se posicion\u00f3<\/span> abiertamente<\/span> contra la guerra<\/span>. As\u00ed<\/span>, Vladimir Ilich<\/span> Lenin, futuro<\/span> l\u00edder<\/span> de la Uni\u00f3n<\/span> Sovi\u00e9tica<\/span>, tild\u00f3<\/span> el conflicto<\/span> de ajuste<\/span> de cuentas<\/span> entre<\/span> burgueses<\/span> zanjado<\/span> con la sangre<\/span> de los proletarios<\/span> europeos<\/span>, y el fil\u00f3sofo<\/span> Bertrand Russell (brit\u00e1nico<\/span>), el f\u00edsico<\/span> Albert Einstein (alem\u00e1n<\/span>) y los escritores<\/span> Romain<\/span> Rolland (franc\u00e9s<\/span>), Thomas Mann (alem\u00e1n<\/span>) y Stefan Zweig<\/span> (austr\u00edaco<\/span>), unieron<\/span> sus<\/span> voces<\/span> en contra de las<\/span> hostilidades<\/span> y por<\/span> una<\/span> soluci\u00f3n<\/span> pac\u00edfica<\/span> al enfrentamiento<\/span> entre<\/span> naciones<\/span>. (Conocida<\/span> es<\/span> la an\u00e9cdota<\/span> del Russell detenido<\/span> durante<\/span> una<\/span> concentraci\u00f3n<\/span> pacifista<\/span>, que<\/span> se declar\u00f3<\/span> “agn\u00f3stico”<\/span> cuando<\/span> un bobby<\/em> le tomaba<\/span> los datos<\/span> de filiaci\u00f3n<\/span> en comisar\u00eda<\/span>. El agente<\/span> reflexion\u00f3<\/span> en voz<\/span> alta<\/span>:”No s\u00e9<\/span> qu\u00e9<\/span> religi\u00f3n<\/span> es<\/span> esa<\/span>, pero<\/span> supongo<\/span> que<\/span> todas<\/span> adoran<\/span> al mismo<\/span> dios”<\/span>.)<\/p>\n

\tLiteratos<\/span> en armas<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\tTambi\u00e9n<\/span> es<\/span> cierto<\/span>, empero<\/span>, que<\/span> la Primera<\/span> Guerra Mundial<\/span> fue<\/span> intensamente<\/span> disputada<\/span> por<\/span> otros<\/span> escritores<\/span> e intelectuales<\/span>, en distintos<\/span> frentes<\/span> y desde<\/span> diferentes<\/span> bandos<\/span>. Dentro<\/span> del teatro<\/span> de operaciones<\/span> del conflicto<\/span>, los estadounidenses<\/span> John Dos Passos<\/span> y Ernest Hemingway sirvieron<\/span> en los cuerpos<\/span> de ambulancias<\/span>, mientras<\/span> que<\/span> el italiano<\/span> Giani<\/span> Stuparic<\/span>, el estadounidense<\/span> William March, el brit\u00e1nico<\/span> Wilfred Owen, los alemanes<\/span> Erich Maria Remarque<\/span> y Ernst J\u00fcnger<\/span>, y los franceses<\/span> Louis Fedinand<\/span> C\u00e9line<\/span>, Alain Fournier y Charles P\u00e9guy<\/span> –fallecidos<\/span> los dos \u00faltimos<\/span> en septiembre<\/span> de 1914, el primero<\/span> en Les Espargues<\/span>, cerca<\/span> de Verd\u00fan<\/span>, el segundo<\/span> en el frente<\/span> del Marne–<\/span> fueron<\/span> testigos<\/span> directos<\/span> de los horrores<\/span> de la lucha<\/span> en las<\/span> trincheras<\/span>. De tantas<\/span> experiencias<\/span> b\u00e9licas<\/span> surgieron<\/span> obras<\/span> literarias<\/span> tan diversas<\/span> por<\/span> su<\/span> tono<\/span> y orientaci\u00f3n<\/span> como<\/span> Tres<\/span> soldados<\/span><\/em> (Dos Passos<\/span>), Adi\u00f3s<\/span> a las<\/span> armas<\/span><\/em> (Hemingway), La compa\u00f1\u00eda<\/span> K<\/em> (March), Himno<\/span> de la juventud<\/span> condenada<\/span><\/em> (Owen), Tempestades<\/span> de acero<\/span><\/em> (J\u00fcnger<\/span>), Sin novedad<\/span> en el frente<\/span> <\/em>(Remarque<\/span>) y Viaje<\/span> al fin de la noche<\/span><\/em> (C\u00e9line<\/span>).<\/p>\n

\tAdi\u00f3s<\/span> al jinete<\/span> azul<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\tEn septiembre<\/span> de 1914 fallec\u00eda<\/span> en el frente<\/span> el pintor<\/span> alem\u00e1n<\/span> August Macke<\/span>, miembro<\/span> destacado<\/span> de Der<\/span> Blaue<\/span> Reiter<\/span><\/em> (El jinete<\/span> azul<\/span>), la asociaci\u00f3n<\/span> de artistas<\/span> de vanguardia<\/span> creada<\/span> en Munich en diciembre<\/span> de 1911, a la que<\/span> tambi\u00e9n<\/span> pertenecieron<\/span> los rusos<\/span> Vasili<\/span> Kandinsky<\/span> y Alexey<\/span> Von Jawlensky<\/span>, el germano<\/span> Franz Marc y el suizo<\/span> Paul Klee<\/span>, entre<\/span> otras<\/span> figuras<\/span> del arte<\/span> de la \u00e9poca<\/span>. De lo espiritual<\/span> en el arte<\/span><\/em> (1912), c\u00e9lebre<\/span> ensayo<\/span> de Kandinsky<\/span>, fue<\/span> tomado<\/span> como<\/span> principal referente<\/span> te\u00f3rico<\/span> del movimiento<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tPrecursor del expresionismo<\/span> abstracto<\/span>, Der<\/span> Blaue<\/span> Reiter<\/span><\/em> defendi\u00f3<\/span> una<\/span> pl\u00e1stica<\/span> que<\/span> reflejara<\/span> los impulsos<\/span> y deseos<\/span> \u00edntimos<\/span> del creador<\/span>, con absoluta<\/span> libertad<\/span> formal y crom\u00e1tica<\/span>, por<\/span> lo que<\/span> sus<\/span> miembros<\/span> no adoptaron<\/span> nunca<\/span> un estilo<\/span> com\u00fan<\/span>. Y aunque<\/span> pretend\u00eda<\/span> crear<\/span> un arte<\/span> ajeno<\/span> a cualquier<\/span> manifestaci\u00f3n<\/span> oficial<\/span>, el grupo<\/span> no pudo<\/span> sobrevivir<\/span> a las<\/span> separaciones<\/span> f\u00edsicas<\/span> y an\u00edmicas<\/span> impuestas<\/span> por<\/span> la Gran Guerra, por<\/span> lo cual<\/span> qued\u00f3<\/span> disuelto<\/span> tras<\/span> la muerte<\/span> de Macke<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tHabemus<\/span> papam<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tDel mismo<\/span> modo<\/span> que<\/span> obreros<\/span> y campesinos<\/span> del este<\/span> o el oeste<\/span> se lanzaban<\/span> al cuello<\/span> de sus<\/span> hermanos<\/span> de clase<\/span>, cristianos<\/span> de las<\/span> distintas<\/span> obediencias<\/span> –cat\u00f3licos<\/span>, reformados<\/span>, ortodoxos–<\/span> eran<\/span> llamados<\/span> a las<\/span> armas<\/span>, aunque<\/span> la consolidaci\u00f3n<\/span> de los estados<\/span> nacionales<\/span> evitaba<\/span> que<\/span> esta<\/span> vez<\/span> conformaran<\/span> bloques<\/span> monoconfesionales<\/span>, como<\/span> hab\u00eda<\/span> ocurrido<\/span> en las<\/span> antiguas<\/span> guerras<\/span> de religi\u00f3n<\/span> europeas<\/span>. De este<\/span> modo<\/span>, la Iglesia<\/span> cat\u00f3lica<\/span> hubo<\/span> de enfrentarse<\/span> a la \u00edntima<\/span> paradoja<\/span> suscitada<\/span> por<\/span> las<\/span> lealtades<\/span> nacionales<\/span> de sus<\/span> feligreses<\/span> (clero<\/span> incluido<\/span>), que<\/span> se superpusieron<\/span> al ideal de hermandad<\/span> entre<\/span> todos<\/span> los creyentes<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tSe planteaba<\/span> as\u00ed<\/span> una<\/span> tesitura<\/span> compleja<\/span> mas<\/span> no irresoluble para<\/span> la diplomacia<\/span> vaticana<\/span>, acostumbrada<\/span> a nadar<\/span> entre<\/span> dos aguas<\/span> en toda<\/span> circunstancia<\/span>, como<\/span> bien<\/span> demostr\u00f3<\/span> Benedicto<\/span> XV (Giacomo della<\/span> Chiesa<\/span>, 1854-1922), que<\/span> ascendi\u00f3<\/span> al solio<\/span> de Pedro en septiembre<\/span> de 2014, tras<\/span> la defunci\u00f3n<\/span> de P\u00edo<\/span> V. Aparte<\/span> de mantener<\/span> una<\/span> estricta<\/span> pol\u00edtica<\/span> de neutralidad<\/span>, el pont\u00edfice<\/span> promovi\u00f3<\/span> medidas<\/span> de auxilio<\/span> a las<\/span> v\u00edctimas<\/span> de la guerra<\/span>, as\u00ed<\/span> como<\/span> la c\u00e9lebre<\/span> tregua<\/span> de Navidad<\/span> de diciembre<\/span> de 1914, respetada<\/span> en el frente<\/span> occidental. Estas<\/span> iniciativas<\/span> facilitaron<\/span> el posterior establecimiento<\/span> de relaciones<\/span> diplom\u00e1ticas<\/span> con el Vaticano<\/span> por<\/span> parte<\/span> de Francia<\/span> y el Reino<\/span> Unido<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\"alt\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\tLa Espa\u00f1a<\/span> neutral<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\tEl Vaticano<\/span> conoci\u00f3<\/span> de cerca<\/span> –aunque<\/span> solo de o\u00eddas–<\/span> los horrores<\/span> de la guerra<\/span>, debido<\/span> a la participaci\u00f3n<\/span> de Italia en la contienda<\/span>, mientras<\/span> que<\/span> otro<\/span> pa\u00eds<\/span> de raigambre<\/span> cat\u00f3lica<\/span>, Espa\u00f1a<\/span>, optaba<\/span> por<\/span> la neutralidad<\/span> b\u00e9lica<\/span> (bastante<\/span> ten\u00eda<\/span> el ej\u00e9rcito<\/span> hispano<\/span>, mal preparado<\/span> y penetrado<\/span> por<\/span> la corrupci\u00f3n<\/span>, con hacer<\/span> frente<\/span> a los d\u00edscolos<\/span> cabile\u00f1os<\/span> de su<\/span> Protectorado<\/span> marroqu\u00ed<\/span>).<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tNo deb\u00edan<\/span> ser<\/span> muy<\/span> agradables<\/span> las<\/span> comidas<\/span> familiares<\/span> en el Palacio<\/span> Real de Madrid si<\/span> se piensa<\/span> en un joven<\/span> monarca<\/span>, Alfonso XIII, hijo<\/span> de madre<\/span> germana<\/span> (la exreina<\/span> regente<\/span> Mar\u00eda<\/span> Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena<\/span>, prima del emperador<\/span> Francisco Jos\u00e9<\/span> de Austria) y esposo<\/span> de una<\/span> princesa<\/span> brit\u00e1nica<\/span> (Victoria Eugenia de Battenberg<\/span>, prima del rey<\/span> Jorge V de Inglaterra<\/span>). Tal vez<\/span> la diatriba<\/span> dom\u00e9stica<\/span> le inclin\u00f3<\/span> a la neutralidad<\/span>, mientras<\/span> que<\/span> distintos<\/span> sectores<\/span> de la sociedad<\/span> optaban<\/span> en agrios<\/span> debates impresos<\/span> por<\/span> uno<\/span> u otro<\/span> bando<\/span>. Lo cierto<\/span> es<\/span> que<\/span> la autoexclusi\u00f3n<\/span> del conflicto<\/span> resultar\u00eda<\/span> muy<\/span> provechosa<\/span> para<\/span> la econom\u00eda<\/span> espa\u00f1ola<\/span>, al convertirse<\/span> el pa\u00eds<\/span> en importante<\/span> proveedor<\/span> de todo<\/span> tipo<\/span> de suministros<\/span> para<\/span> los estados<\/span> en liza<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tCabe<\/span> recordar<\/span> tambi\u00e9n<\/span> que<\/span> el mismo<\/span> a\u00f1o<\/span> del inicio<\/span> de la Gran Guerra se publicaron<\/span> tres<\/span> obras<\/span> de enjundia<\/span> de la literatura<\/span> contempor\u00e1nea<\/span> espa\u00f1ola<\/span>: las<\/span> Nuevas<\/span> canciones<\/span><\/em> de Antonio Machado; Niebla<\/span>,<\/em> de Miguel de Unamuno<\/span>; y Platero<\/span> y yo<\/span>,<\/em> del futuro<\/span> premio<\/span> Nobel Juan Ram\u00f3n<\/span> Jim\u00e9nez<\/span>. Por<\/span> su<\/span> parte<\/span>, el m\u00fasico<\/span> Manuel de Falla<\/span> dio<\/span> a conocer<\/span> sus<\/span> Siete<\/span> canciones<\/span> populares<\/span> espa\u00f1olas<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0Negocio<\/span> para<\/span> muchos<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tSi la guerra<\/span> fue<\/span> econ\u00f3micamente<\/span> satisfactoria<\/span> para<\/span> Espa\u00f1a<\/span> (tambi\u00e9n<\/span> para<\/span> algunos<\/span> pa\u00edses<\/span> latinoamericanos<\/span>, como<\/span> Argentina o Brasil<\/span>), el gran<\/span> beneficiario<\/span> cremat\u00edstico<\/span> del conflicto<\/span> fue<\/span> sin duda<\/span> Estados<\/span> Unidos<\/span>, que<\/span> exprimi\u00f3<\/span> su<\/span> capacidad<\/span> industrial para<\/span> abastecer<\/span> a los combatientes<\/span>. A las<\/span> ganancias<\/span> de esa<\/span> demanda<\/span> se sumaron<\/span> las<\/span> del Canal de Panam\u00e1<\/span>, inaugurado<\/span> en agosto<\/span> de 1914 bajo<\/span> administraci\u00f3n<\/span> de la gran<\/span> potencia<\/span> norteamericana<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\tBrillantes<\/span> ejemplos<\/span> humanos<\/span> de la industria<\/span> estadounidense<\/span> eran<\/span> Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931), inventor autodidacto<\/span> y astuto<\/span> hombre de negocios<\/span>, y el fabricante<\/span> Henry Ford (1863-1947). Ambos<\/span> figuraban<\/span> como<\/span> prototipo<\/span> del triunfador<\/span> americano<\/span>, hecho<\/span> a s\u00ed<\/span> mismo<\/span> desde<\/span> modestos<\/span> or\u00edgenes<\/span>, que<\/span> cimentaba<\/span> su<\/span> imperio<\/span> econ\u00f3mico<\/span> en la moral del trabajo<\/span> (y en el caso<\/span> de Edison tambi\u00e9n<\/span> en la usurpaci\u00f3n<\/span> de patentes<\/span>, otra<\/span> de sus<\/span> grandes<\/span> habilidades<\/span>, dicho<\/span> sea sin menoscabo<\/span> de su<\/span> reconocido<\/span> ingenio<\/span>). En 1914, Ford redujo<\/span> a ocho<\/span> horas<\/span> la jornada<\/span> laboral<\/span> de sus<\/span> operarios<\/span> de la Ford Motor Company,<\/em> medida<\/span> que<\/span> increment\u00f3<\/span> la productividad<\/span> de sus<\/span> f\u00e1bricas<\/span> automovil\u00edsticas<\/span>, mientras<\/span> que<\/span> Edison sum\u00f3<\/span> a la larga<\/span> serie<\/span> de sus<\/span> inventos<\/span> –el fon\u00f3grafo<\/span>, la bombilla<\/span> el\u00e9ctrica<\/span>, el cinetoscopio…– un acumulador<\/span> alcalino<\/span> de ferron\u00edquel<\/span> que<\/span> vino a sustituir<\/span> a las<\/span> antiguas<\/span> pilas<\/span> el\u00e9ctricas<\/span> primarias<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tLa \u00abF\u00e1brica<\/span> de sue\u00f1os<\/span>\u00ab<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tOtra<\/span> industria<\/span>, la de las<\/span> ficciones<\/span> cinematogr\u00e1ficas<\/span>, tambi\u00e9n<\/span> estaba<\/span> llamada<\/span> a recoger<\/span> su<\/span> ping\u00fce<\/span> porci\u00f3n<\/span> de beneficios<\/span> a cuenta<\/span> de la Gran Guerra. En 1914, las<\/span> productoras<\/span> norteamericanas<\/span> se hallaban<\/span> en pleno<\/span> proceso<\/span> de traslado<\/span> desde<\/span> su<\/span> originaria<\/span> cuna<\/span>, los estudios<\/span> neoyorquinos<\/span>, hacia<\/span> la localidad<\/span> californiana<\/span> de Hollywood, nacida<\/span> en torno<\/span> al antiguo<\/span> rancho de El Acebo<\/span>. Los productores<\/span> Thomas Harper Ince<\/span>, Cecil B. de Mille,\u00a0 Marck<\/span> Sennett<\/span>, Samuel Goldwyn<\/span> y Jesse S. Lasky<\/span> (fundadores<\/span> de la Paramount Pictures), as\u00ed<\/span> como<\/span> Louis Burt Mayer (quien<\/span> particip\u00f3<\/span> en la creaci\u00f3n<\/span> de la Metro Goldwyn<\/span> Mayer), fueron<\/span> los legendarios<\/span> impulsores<\/span> del primitivo<\/span> Hollywood de 1914.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tM\u00e9xico<\/span>, revolucionado<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tAlgo<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> al sur<\/span>, M\u00e9xico<\/span> atravesaba<\/span> uno<\/span> de los per\u00edodos<\/span> \u00e1lgidos<\/span> de su<\/span> larga<\/span> revoluci\u00f3n<\/span>, marcado<\/span> por<\/span> la predominancia<\/span> militar<\/span> de Pancho<\/span> Villa, comandante<\/span> de la Divisi\u00f3n<\/span> del Norte.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tVilla –de verdadero<\/span> nombre<\/span>, Doroteo<\/span> Arango–<\/span> se hab\u00eda<\/span> alzado<\/span> tempranamente<\/span> (1910) en pro de Francisco Madero<\/span>, padre de la Revoluci\u00f3n<\/span>, y a partir<\/span> de 1913 combati\u00f3<\/span> sa\u00f1udamente<\/span> a las<\/span> tropas<\/span> de su<\/span> asesino<\/span>, el general Victoriano<\/span> Huerta<\/span> (cabeza<\/span> de turco<\/span> de los intereses<\/span> econ\u00f3micos<\/span> estadounidenses<\/span> en el pa\u00eds<\/span>). La renuncia<\/span> del magnicida<\/span> (julio<\/span> de 1914) antecedi\u00f3<\/span> a la Convenci\u00f3n<\/span> de Aguascalientes<\/span> (octubre<\/span>), donde<\/span> se sell\u00f3<\/span> la alianza<\/span> militar<\/span> entre<\/span> Villa y Emiliano<\/span> Zapata<\/span>, l\u00edder<\/span> revolucionario<\/span> del sur<\/span>. Ambos<\/span> entraron<\/span> juntos<\/span> en la Ciudad<\/span> de M\u00e9xico<\/span> el 6 de diciembre<\/span>, al frente<\/span> de un ej\u00e9rcito<\/span> de 60.000 hombres. Sin embargo, ninguno<\/span> de los dos l\u00edderes<\/span> pretendi\u00f3<\/span> extender su<\/span> poder<\/span> a la jefatura<\/span> del Estado<\/span> mexicano<\/span>, en un gesto<\/span> de humildad<\/span> poco<\/span> dado en los anales<\/span> de la historia<\/span>. A\u00f1os<\/span> despu\u00e9s<\/span>, ambos<\/span> ser\u00edan<\/span> asesinados<\/span> por<\/span> sus<\/span> rivales<\/span> pol\u00edticos<\/span>: Zapata<\/span> a instancias<\/span> del presidente<\/span> Venustiano<\/span> Carranza<\/span>, en 1919, y Villa en 1923, por<\/span> el futuro<\/span> mandatario<\/span> Plutarco<\/span> El\u00edas<\/span> Calles<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tUn gran<\/span> avance<\/span> m\u00e9dico<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tLas v\u00edctimas<\/span> de la Primera<\/span> Guerra Mundial<\/span> pudieron<\/span> beneficiarse<\/span> del importante<\/span> avance<\/span> cl\u00ednico<\/span> debido<\/span> al m\u00e9dico<\/span> argentino<\/span> Luis Agote<\/span> (1868-1954), factor de la primera<\/span> transfusi\u00f3n<\/span> de sangre<\/span> de la historia<\/span>, realizada<\/span> en el Hospital Rawson<\/span> de Buenos Aires en noviembre<\/span> de 1914.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tPara ser<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> exactos<\/span>, Agote<\/span> realiz\u00f3<\/span> la primera<\/span> transfusi\u00f3n<\/span> de sangre<\/span> indirecta<\/span>. Es<\/span> decir<\/span>, extrajo<\/span> fluido<\/span> vital de un paciente<\/span>, lo almacen\u00f3<\/span> en un recipiente<\/span> y despu\u00e9s<\/span> lo transfiri\u00f3<\/span> a otro<\/span> paciente<\/span>. El paso<\/span> intermedio<\/span>, la conservaci\u00f3n<\/span> temporal de la sangre<\/span> fuera<\/span> del cuerpo<\/span> humano<\/span>, era lo m\u00e1s<\/span> complicado<\/span> de la operaci\u00f3n<\/span>, debido<\/span> a la coagulaci\u00f3n<\/span> que<\/span> se iniciaba<\/span> de modo<\/span> natural tras<\/span> la extracci\u00f3n<\/span>; el m\u00e9dico<\/span> porte\u00f1o<\/span> impidi\u00f3<\/span> este<\/span> proceso<\/span> con el a\u00f1adido<\/span> de una<\/span> sal<\/span>, el citrato<\/span> de sodio<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tAgote<\/span> dio<\/span> a conocer<\/span> su<\/span> m\u00e9todo<\/span> universalmente<\/span> y con finalidad<\/span> altruista<\/span>, sin patentarlo<\/span>, de modo<\/span> que<\/span> pronto se generaliz\u00f3<\/span> en los hospitales<\/span> de campa\u00f1a<\/span> y miles de soldados<\/span> salvaron<\/span> la vida<\/span> gracias<\/span> al esp\u00edritu<\/span> filantr\u00f3pico<\/span> del galeno<\/span> argentino<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tUnos<\/span> llegaron…<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tEn 1914 nacieron<\/span> un buen<\/span> pu\u00f1ado<\/span> de memorables<\/span> personajes<\/span>, entre<\/span> ellos<\/span>: los escritores<\/span> William Seward Burroughs (estadounidense<\/span>, figura<\/span> de la Beat Generation<\/em>), Octavio<\/span> Paz (mexicano<\/span>, premio<\/span> Nobel de Literatura<\/span> en 1990), Adolfo Bioy<\/span> Casares<\/span> (argentino<\/span>, premio<\/span> Cervantes en 1990), Julio Cort\u00e1zar<\/span> (compatriota<\/span> del anterior y renovador<\/span> de la narrativa<\/span> en lengua<\/span> espa\u00f1ola<\/span> con obras<\/span> como<\/span> Rayuela<\/span><\/em>), Nicanor<\/span> Parra<\/span> (chileno<\/span>, creador<\/span> de la llamada<\/span> antipoes\u00eda<\/span><\/em>), Marguerite Duras<\/span> (francesa<\/span>, premio<\/span> Goncourt<\/span> por<\/span> su<\/span> novela<\/span> L’Amant<\/span><\/em>) y Dylan Thomas (brit\u00e1nico<\/span>, brillante<\/span> poeta<\/span> del exceso<\/span>); el fil\u00f3sofo<\/span> espa\u00f1ol<\/span> Juli\u00e1n<\/span> Mar\u00edas<\/span>, disc\u00edpulo<\/span> de Ortega y Gasset<\/span> y cofundador<\/span> del Instituto<\/span> de Humanidades<\/span> de Madrid; el fil\u00f3logo<\/span> espa\u00f1ol<\/span> Mart\u00ed<\/span> de Riquer<\/span>, erudito<\/span> en literatura<\/span> medieval; el nepal\u00ed<\/span> Tenzing<\/span> Norgay<\/span>, gu\u00eda<\/span> sherpa<\/span> que<\/span> acompa\u00f1\u00f3<\/span> a Edmund Hillary en la conquista<\/span> del Everest (1953); el actor estadounidense<\/span> Tyrone Power, una<\/span> de las<\/span> grandes<\/span> estrellas<\/span> del Hollywood de la d\u00e9cada<\/span> de 1940, y la actriz<\/span> mexicana<\/span> Mar\u00eda<\/span> F\u00e9lix<\/span>, una<\/span> de las<\/span> grandes<\/span> personalidades<\/span> de la historia<\/span> del cine hispano<\/span>; el director de orquesta<\/span> italiano<\/span> Carlo Maria Giulini<\/span>, c\u00e9lebre<\/span> por<\/span> su<\/span> af\u00e1n<\/span> perfeccionista<\/span>; el dise\u00f1ador<\/span> de moda<\/span> franc\u00e9s<\/span> Pierre Balmain<\/span>, modisto<\/span> de Brigitte Bardot<\/span>, Marlene Dietrich y Sof\u00eda<\/span> Loren, entre<\/span> otras<\/span> actrices<\/span>; el pol\u00edtico<\/span> sovi\u00e9tico<\/span> Yuri Andropov<\/span>, l\u00edder<\/span> de la URSS<\/span> desde<\/span> noviembre<\/span> de 1982 a febrero<\/span> de 1984; y el aventurero<\/span> noruego<\/span> Thor Heyerdahl<\/span>, quien<\/span> singl\u00f3<\/span> el oc\u00e9ano<\/span> Pac\u00edfico<\/span> en 1947 a bordo<\/span> de la Kon-Tiki<\/span><\/em> (una<\/span> balsa de madera<\/span> construida<\/span> a la usanza<\/span> de los antiguos<\/span> ind\u00edgenas<\/span> andinos<\/span>).<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t…y otros<\/span> se fueron<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tPor<\/span> \u00faltimo<\/span>, cabe<\/span> citar<\/span> algunas<\/span> de las<\/span> personalidades<\/span> que<\/span> perdieron<\/span> la vida<\/span> en 1914 por<\/span> causas<\/span> ajenas<\/span> a la guerra<\/span>. Entre<\/span> ellas<\/span> podemos<\/span> destacar<\/span> a los premios<\/span> Nobel de la Paz Charles Albert Gobat<\/span> (suizo<\/span>, galardonado<\/span> en 1902 por<\/span> su<\/span> trabajo<\/span> al frente<\/span> del Bureau International Permanent de la Paix<\/span>, <\/em>cuyas<\/span> gestiones<\/span> resultaron<\/span> in\u00fatiles<\/span> para<\/span> detener<\/span> la Gran Guerra) y Bertha von Suttner<\/span> (austr\u00edaca<\/span> y autora<\/span> de la novela<\/span> pacifista<\/span> \u00a1Abajo<\/span> las<\/span> armas<\/span>!<\/em>, recibi\u00f3<\/span> la distinci\u00f3n<\/span> en 1906); los premios<\/span> Nobel de Literatura<\/span> Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric<\/span> Mistral (franc\u00e9s<\/span>, premiado<\/span> en 1904) y Paul von Heyse<\/span> (alem\u00e1n<\/span>; 1910); el industrial estadounidense<\/span> George Westinghouse, magnate de la alta<\/span> tensi\u00f3n<\/span>; el ge\u00f3logo<\/span> italiano<\/span> Giuseppe Mercalli<\/span>, creador<\/span> de una<\/span> escala<\/span> de medici\u00f3n<\/span> de los efectos<\/span> de los terremotos<\/span>, hoy<\/span> sustituida<\/span> por<\/span> la escala<\/span> de Richter; la poetisa<\/span> uruguaya<\/span> Delmira<\/span> Agustini<\/span>, que<\/span> compagin\u00f3<\/span> los versos de inspiraci\u00f3n<\/span> modernista<\/span> con la lucha<\/span> por<\/span> los derechos<\/span> de las<\/span> mujeres; los militares<\/span> y expresidentes<\/span> argentinos<\/span> Julio Argentino<\/span> Roca<\/span> y Jos\u00e9<\/span> Evaristo<\/span> Uriburu<\/span>; y el pol\u00edtico<\/span> socialista<\/span> franc\u00e9s<\/span> Jean Jaur\u00e9s<\/span>, destacado<\/span> opositor<\/span> a la guerra<\/span>, que<\/span> fue<\/span> asesinado<\/span> por<\/span> el ultranacionalista<\/span> franc\u00e9s<\/span> Raoul<\/span> Villain, liberado<\/span> sin condena<\/span> tras<\/span> 56 meses<\/span> de prisi\u00f3n<\/span> preventiva<\/span> (las<\/span> veleidades<\/span> de la Fortuna lo condujeron<\/span> hasta<\/span> la ibicenca<\/span> Cala<\/span> de Sant<\/span> Vicen\u00e7<\/span>, donde<\/span> fue<\/span> fusilado<\/span> por<\/span> un grupo<\/span> de anarquistas<\/span> en septiembre<\/span> de 1936<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\"alt\"<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

El a\u00f1o 1914 ha pasado a la historia como inicio de la Gran Guerra o Primera Guerra Mundial. Pero m\u00e1s all\u00e1 del acontecer b\u00e9lico, a lo largo de sus meses y semanas se sucedieron otras noticias de relevancia hist\u00f3rica. \u00a0 \u00a0<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[76],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5870","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-barcelona"],"yoast_head":"\nHace cien a\u00f1os: miscel\u00e1nea de 1914 - Revista Rambla<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/hace-cien-anos-miscelanea-de-1914\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hace cien a\u00f1os: miscel\u00e1nea de 1914 - Revista Rambla\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"El a\u00f1o 1914 ha pasado a la historia como inicio de la Gran Guerra o Primera Guerra Mundial. 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