{"id":5501,"date":"2014-06-11T15:38:40","date_gmt":"2014-06-11T15:38:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/lrobinson-crusoer-o-por-que-es-tan-odioso-el-hombre-moderno\/"},"modified":"2021-04-06T13:14:00","modified_gmt":"2021-04-06T11:14:00","slug":"lrobinson-crusoer-o-por-que-es-tan-odioso-el-hombre-moderno","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/lrobinson-crusoer-o-por-que-es-tan-odioso-el-hombre-moderno\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00abRobinson Crusoe\u00bb, o por qu\u00e9 es tan odioso el hombre moderno"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"alt\"<\/p>\n

Robinson Crusoe es<\/span> el hombre moderno<\/span> en el pin\u00e1culo<\/span> de sus<\/span> fuerzas<\/span>. Lo sabemos<\/span> porque<\/span> no hay en \u00e9l<\/span> ni<\/span> un solo anhelo<\/span> que<\/span> no sea econ\u00f3mico<\/span>, ni<\/span> existe<\/span> en su<\/span> mundo<\/span> nada que<\/span> no sean<\/span> hechos<\/span>, ni<\/span> hay cosas<\/span> que<\/span> no se dejen<\/span> utilizar<\/span> como<\/span> a uno<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> le convenga<\/span> o le aproveche<\/span>. Pero<\/span> empecemos<\/span> por<\/span> el principio<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Robinson Crusoe no puede<\/span> estarse<\/span> en Inglaterra<\/span>. Quiz\u00e1<\/span> esta<\/span> inquietud<\/span> le venga<\/span> de su<\/span> padre, un extranjero<\/span> polaco<\/span> asentado<\/span> en York. (De hecho<\/span>, el nombre<\/span> Crusoe no es<\/span> ingl\u00e9s<\/span>, sino<\/span> una<\/span> deformaci\u00f3n<\/span> inglesa<\/span> de un original eslavo<\/span>.) As\u00ed<\/span> que<\/span>, si<\/span> en el fondo<\/span> Crusoe no es<\/span> Crusoe ni<\/span> pertenece<\/span> a York, \u00bfpara<\/span> qu\u00e9<\/span> quedarse<\/span>? Su partida<\/span> toma<\/span> la forma de una<\/span> decisi\u00f3n<\/span> originaria<\/span>: hay que<\/span> escoger<\/span> entre<\/span> la vida<\/span> segura<\/span> y pr\u00f3spera<\/span> en el hogar<\/span> y la inseguridad<\/span> y precariedad<\/span> en lo desconocido<\/span>. Aunque<\/span> en realidad<\/span> (pues<\/span> el hogar<\/span> no es<\/span> el hogar<\/span> ni<\/span> Crusoe es<\/span> Crusoe) la elecci\u00f3n<\/span> ya<\/span> est\u00e1<\/span> tomada<\/span>, y el joven<\/span> se hace<\/span> a la mar, aunque<\/span> no llega<\/span> a transformarse<\/span> en un marino<\/span> (se insiste<\/span> en que<\/span>, si<\/span> bien<\/span> aprende<\/span> los rudimentos<\/span> de la navegaci\u00f3n<\/span>, no se hace<\/span> navegante<\/span> profesional<\/span>; en realidad<\/span>, Crusoe carece<\/span> de oficio<\/span> definido<\/span> a lo largo de toda<\/span> la novela<\/span>).<\/p>\n

Queda<\/span> as\u00ed<\/span> definido<\/span> el protagonista<\/span> de Defoe: se trata<\/span> de un hombre incapaz<\/span> de quedarse<\/span> en casa, pues<\/span> quiz\u00e1<\/span> no la tenga<\/span>; alguien<\/span> que<\/span> no puede<\/span> conformarse<\/span> con vivir<\/span> una<\/span> vida<\/span> segura<\/span> y serena<\/span> hasta<\/span> la vejez<\/span>, sino<\/span> que<\/span> algo<\/span> le impele<\/span> a aventurarse<\/span> en lo desconocido<\/span>. Desoye<\/span> el consejo<\/span> paterno<\/span>; desoye<\/span> la advertencia<\/span> del capit\u00e1n<\/span> del nav\u00edo<\/span> en que<\/span> se embarca<\/span> la primera<\/span> vez<\/span>. Solo escucha<\/span> su<\/span> propia<\/span> voz<\/span>, y \u00e9sta<\/span> le exhorta<\/span> a no estarse<\/span> jam\u00e1s<\/span> quieto<\/span>, a partir<\/span> siempre<\/span> sin detenerse<\/span> nunca<\/span>. Da<\/span> lo mismo<\/span> que<\/span> no tenga<\/span> objetivos<\/span>, a excepci\u00f3n<\/span> quiz\u00e1<\/span> del objetivo<\/span> de no tener<\/span> ning\u00fan<\/span> objetivo<\/span> convencional<\/span> o concreto<\/span>, de no comprometerse<\/span> con nada ni<\/span> permanecer<\/span> en ning\u00fan<\/span> sitio<\/span>. Una<\/span> vez<\/span> que<\/span> ha peregrinado<\/span> un poco<\/span> por<\/span> el mar y lo ex\u00f3tico<\/span> Crusoe aterriza<\/span> en Brasil<\/span>, donde<\/span> se medio<\/span> establece<\/span> un tiempo<\/span> guiado<\/span> por<\/span> un proyecto<\/span> econ\u00f3mico<\/span>. Pero<\/span> enseguida<\/span> el ansia<\/span> irrefrenable<\/span> de partir<\/span> aflora<\/span> de nuevo<\/span>. Es<\/span> entonces<\/span> cuando<\/span> su<\/span> barco<\/span> naufraga<\/span>, y de este<\/span> naufragio<\/span> sale el hombre moderno<\/span> plenamente<\/span> constituido<\/span>, con todas<\/span> sus<\/span> marcas<\/span> y atributos<\/span>.<\/p>\n

En primer lugar<\/span> hay que<\/span> insistir<\/span> en que<\/span> este<\/span> hombre que<\/span> no tiene<\/span> v\u00ednculo<\/span> alguno<\/span> (Crusoe jam\u00e1s<\/span> recupera<\/span> sus<\/span> lazos<\/span> familiares<\/span>, ni<\/span> parece<\/span> que<\/span> le importe<\/span> demasiado<\/span> el no recuperarlos<\/span>; carece<\/span> de amistades<\/span> que<\/span> no tengan<\/span> un marcado<\/span> car\u00e1cter<\/span> econ\u00f3mico<\/span>: todos<\/span> son albaceas<\/span>, tesoreros<\/span>, esclavos<\/span> o sirvientes<\/span>). En este<\/span> sentido<\/span> el naufragio<\/span> no hace<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> que<\/span> poner<\/span> en el sitio<\/span> que<\/span> conviene<\/span> a un hombre as\u00ed<\/span>: una<\/span> isla<\/span> desierta<\/span>. Pero<\/span> no nos confundamos<\/span>; el \u00e9nfasis<\/span> no recae<\/span> en la soledad<\/span> (\u00e9sta<\/span> es<\/span> un presupuesto<\/span>), sino<\/span> en la actitud<\/span> y actividades<\/span> de Crusoe cuando<\/span> se ve<\/span> instalado<\/span> (m\u00e1s<\/span> bien<\/span> no-instalado<\/span>) en el aislamiento<\/span>. Una<\/span> vez<\/span> superados<\/span> los miedos<\/span> iniciales<\/span>, Crusoe emprende<\/span> una<\/span> progresiva<\/span>, obstinada<\/span> y ambiciosa<\/span> tarea<\/span> de colonizaci\u00f3n<\/span>. Toda<\/span> la estancia<\/span> en la isla<\/span> est\u00e1<\/span> marcada<\/span> por<\/span> las<\/span> diversas<\/span> empresas<\/span> econ\u00f3mico-colonizadoras<\/span> del n\u00e1ufrago<\/span> a-islado<\/span>. Desde<\/span> el principio<\/span> estar<\/span> en la isla<\/span> significa<\/span> domesticar<\/span> la isla<\/span>, dominar<\/span> la isla<\/span>, poseerla<\/span> e incluso<\/span> defenderla<\/span> de posibles<\/span> enemigos<\/span> (su<\/span> deseo<\/span> de protegerse<\/span> es<\/span> casi<\/span> patol\u00f3gico<\/span>). M\u00e1s<\/span> moderno<\/span> incluso<\/span> es<\/span> el hecho<\/span> de que<\/span> en una<\/span> situaci\u00f3n<\/span> tan m\u00edsera<\/span> y desesperada<\/span> no se olvide<\/span> de poner<\/span> a salvo el dinero<\/span> que<\/span> ha rescatado<\/span> de los barcos<\/span> naufragados<\/span>, ni<\/span> que<\/span> pierda<\/span> de vista (\u00a1en veintiocho<\/span> a\u00f1os<\/span>!) el c\u00f3mputo<\/span> del tiempo<\/span>, ni<\/span> renuncie<\/span> (\u00a1en una<\/span> isla<\/span> desierta<\/span>!) a la idea de administrarlo<\/span> de la manera<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> rentable posible<\/span>. El tiempo<\/span> de Crusoe es<\/span> el tiempo<\/span> calculable de la modernidad<\/span> propietaria<\/span> y dominadora<\/span>. (Curioso<\/span> es<\/span> tambi\u00e9n<\/span> que<\/span> Crusoe no se aburra<\/span> nunca<\/span>; el aburrimiento<\/span> parece<\/span> ser<\/span> algo<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> propio<\/span> de la modernidad<\/span> agonizante<\/span> o tard\u00eda<\/span>.)<\/p>\n

Pero<\/span> volvamos<\/span> a la cuesti\u00f3n<\/span> de la naturaleza<\/span>. La relaci\u00f3n<\/span> de Crusoe con la naturaleza<\/span> es<\/span> \u00fanica<\/span> y exclusivamente<\/span> una<\/span> relaci\u00f3n<\/span> de explotaci\u00f3n<\/span>. No le turba<\/span> para<\/span> nada la idea de matar<\/span> p\u00e1jaros<\/span>, cabras<\/span>, gatos<\/span> y tortugas<\/span> (la masacre<\/span> de los lobos en los Pirineos<\/span> es<\/span> algo<\/span> as\u00ed<\/span> como<\/span> el broche<\/span> final en una<\/span> carrera<\/span> de aniquilaci\u00f3n<\/span> gratuita<\/span> de la naturaleza<\/span>). No se le pasa<\/span> por<\/span> la cabeza<\/span> el problema<\/span> de la deforestaci\u00f3n<\/span>, ni<\/span> considera<\/span> las<\/span> consecuencias<\/span> de los nuevos<\/span> cultivos<\/span> sobre<\/span> el suelo<\/span> a\u00fan<\/span> f\u00e9rtil<\/span> de la isla<\/span>. Tampoco<\/span> ha gastado<\/span> un minuto<\/span> de su<\/span> (as\u00ed<\/span> lo parece<\/span>) valios\u00edsimo<\/span> y escas\u00edsimo<\/span> tiempo<\/span> en contemplar<\/span> la belleza<\/span> de la isla<\/span> misma<\/span> (su<\/span> admiraci\u00f3n<\/span> por<\/span> el valle<\/span> donde<\/span> construye<\/span> su<\/span> \u00abcasa de campo<\/span>\u00bb se transforma<\/span> r\u00e1pidamente<\/span> en preocupaci\u00f3n<\/span> agr\u00edcola<\/span>: los vi\u00f1edos<\/span> producen<\/span> racimos<\/span> que<\/span> podr\u00e1<\/span> secar<\/span> para<\/span> obtener<\/span> grandes<\/span> cantidades<\/span> de pasas<\/span>, que<\/span> no solo son alimento<\/span>, sino<\/span> alimento<\/span> muy<\/span> nutritivo<\/span>). Tampoco<\/span> parece<\/span> echar<\/span> de menos<\/span> a nadie<\/span>. Es<\/span> verdad<\/span> que<\/span> a veces<\/span> a\u00f1ora<\/span> a los hombres, pero<\/span> el sentimiento<\/span> se refiere<\/span> a la humanidad<\/span> en general, nunca<\/span> a alguien<\/span> concreto<\/span>, un autismo<\/span> que<\/span> resulta<\/span> confirmado<\/span> por<\/span> el hecho<\/span> de que<\/span> su<\/span> primera<\/span> relaci\u00f3n<\/span> con un ser<\/span> humano<\/span> despu\u00e9s<\/span> de siglos<\/span> de soledad<\/span> no sea tanto<\/span> una<\/span> amistad<\/span> como<\/span> una<\/span> relaci\u00f3n<\/span> amo-esclavo<\/span>: Viernes<\/span> es<\/span> el salvaje<\/span> convertido<\/span>, esto<\/span> es<\/span>, destruido<\/span> por<\/span> Crusoe. (Pero<\/span> decir<\/span> \u00absiglos<\/span> de soledad<\/span>\u00bb ya<\/span> es<\/span> falsear<\/span> la situaci\u00f3n<\/span> tal<\/span> y como<\/span> la ve<\/span> el propio<\/span> Crusoe: son veintiocho<\/span> a\u00f1os<\/span> nada m\u00e1s<\/span> y nada menos<\/span>.)<\/p>\n

Dicho<\/span> con pocas<\/span> palabras<\/span>: el personaje<\/span> de Defoe expone<\/span> los rasgos<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> odiosos<\/span> del hombre moderno<\/span>. Es<\/span> odioso<\/span> en la precisi\u00f3n<\/span> de sus<\/span> c\u00e1lculos<\/span> no menos<\/span> que<\/span> en su<\/span> tosca<\/span> superstici\u00f3n<\/span>. En su<\/span> habilidad<\/span> ahorrativa<\/span> (\u00a1al marcharse<\/span> a\u00fan<\/span> le quedan<\/span> botellas<\/span> de ron<\/span>!) resulta<\/span> fastidioso<\/span>. Su amor por<\/span> el orden<\/span> es<\/span> casi<\/span> man\u00edaco<\/span>. Es<\/span> previsor<\/span> hasta<\/span> la n\u00e1usea<\/span>. Nos agota<\/span> con su<\/span> sentido<\/span> de la realidad<\/span>. Padece<\/span> de una<\/span> atrofia<\/span> incurable para<\/span> pensar<\/span> o so\u00f1ar<\/span>. Pero<\/span> pese<\/span> a su<\/span> tenacidad<\/span> enfermiza<\/span>, su<\/span> destreza<\/span> manual y sus<\/span> conocimientos<\/span>, Crusoe es<\/span> un miope<\/span> rematado<\/span> que<\/span> no ve<\/span> nada de todo<\/span> aquello<\/span> que<\/span> nosotros<\/span> (queremos<\/span> pensar<\/span>) habr\u00edamos<\/span> visto<\/span> en su<\/span> lugar<\/span>. No ve<\/span> ni<\/span> el cielo<\/span> ni<\/span> la playa ni<\/span> el mar, que<\/span> para<\/span> \u00e9l<\/span> solo es<\/span> un enemigo<\/span>, el elemento<\/span> peligroso<\/span> que<\/span> hay que<\/span> conocer<\/span> y calcular<\/span> tanto<\/span> como<\/span> todo<\/span> lo dem\u00e1s<\/span>. No ve<\/span> tampoco<\/span> la muerte<\/span> (los cad\u00e1veres<\/span> de los salvajes<\/span> no son nada m\u00e1s<\/span> que<\/span> posibles<\/span> focos<\/span> de infecci\u00f3n<\/span>). Virginia Woolf lo dice en (\u00abThe Common Reader\u00bb): para<\/span> Crusoe (es<\/span> decir<\/span>, para<\/span> el hombre de la modernidad<\/span> emergente<\/span>) \u00abno hay puestas<\/span> de sol<\/span> ni<\/span> amaneceres<\/span>; no hay soledad<\/span> ni<\/span> alma\u00bb. No existe<\/span> nada, excepto<\/span> aquello<\/span> que<\/span> se deja<\/span> contar<\/span> o medir<\/span> econ\u00f3micamente<\/span>. El mundo<\/span> de Crusoe es<\/span> lo que<\/span> hoy<\/span> tal<\/span> vez<\/span> llamar\u00edamos<\/span> imperialismo<\/span> euroc\u00e9ntrico<\/span> y racionalidad<\/span> cient\u00edfica<\/span>. (Es<\/span> verdad<\/span> que<\/span> en un momento<\/span> de zozobra<\/span> se cuestiona<\/span> el imperialismo<\/span>, pero<\/span> solo a modo<\/span> de excedente<\/span> especulaci\u00f3n<\/span> intelectual<\/span>.)<\/p>\n

Si Odiseo<\/span> hubiese<\/span> sido<\/span> arrojado<\/span> a la isla<\/span> de las<\/span> cabras<\/span> en lugar<\/span> de a Ogigia<\/span> quiz\u00e1<\/span> habr\u00eda<\/span> obrado<\/span> de modo<\/span> parecido<\/span> a Crusoe: cazar\u00eda<\/span> cabras<\/span> y construir\u00eda<\/span> un barco<\/span>, pero<\/span> la actitud<\/span> hubiese<\/span> sido<\/span> completamente<\/span> distinta<\/span>. En realidad<\/span> Crusoe no ha estado<\/span> nunca<\/span> fuera<\/span> de la isla<\/span> desierta<\/span>, por<\/span> eso<\/span> tampoco<\/span> puede<\/span> abandonarla<\/span> (\u00e9l<\/span> es<\/span> la isla<\/span>, no se entiende<\/span> sin la isla<\/span>). \u00bfO acaso<\/span> cambia algo<\/span> cuando<\/span> resulta<\/span> liberado<\/span>? \u00bfAcaso<\/span> vemos<\/span> despu\u00e9s<\/span> un hombre distinto<\/span> al personaje<\/span> aterradoramente<\/span> econ\u00f3mico<\/span> que<\/span> hemos<\/span> conocido<\/span> antes? El aislamiento<\/span>, \u00bfes<\/span> reinado<\/span> o es<\/span> cautiverio<\/span>?<\/p>\n

En la modernidad<\/span> tard\u00eda<\/span>, por<\/span> ejemplo<\/span> en \u00abMoby Dick\u00bb, el panorama es<\/span> diferente<\/span>. Es<\/span> cierto<\/span> que<\/span> la navegaci\u00f3n<\/span> es<\/span> tambi\u00e9n<\/span> aqu\u00ed<\/span> un intento<\/span> de fuga<\/span> de la claustrofobia<\/span> de la tierra<\/span>, pero<\/span> el aspecto<\/span> mercantil<\/span> del ballenero<\/span> no es<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> que<\/span> el pretexto<\/span> para<\/span> una<\/span> traves\u00eda<\/span> antiecon\u00f3mica<\/span> y desorbitada<\/span>. A diferencia<\/span> de Crusoe el dinero<\/span> no es<\/span> nada para<\/span> Ahab. Los salvajes<\/span> del Pequod<\/span> no son esclavos<\/span> graciosos<\/span> y rudimentarios<\/span>, sino<\/span> seres<\/span> misteriosos<\/span> e insondables<\/span>. Tampoco<\/span> Dios<\/span> es<\/span> ya<\/span> el mismo<\/span> (en Defoe Dios<\/span> es<\/span> la providencia<\/span> cuyo<\/span> c\u00e1lculo<\/span> el hombre penosamente<\/span> reconstruye<\/span>). En el crep\u00fasculo<\/span> de la modernidad<\/span> el viaje<\/span> comercial<\/span> del hombre moderno<\/span>, viaje<\/span> empujado<\/span> por<\/span> una<\/span> cordura<\/span> fastidiosa<\/span>, cuyo<\/span> \u00e9xito<\/span> se logra<\/span> con medios<\/span> que<\/span> hoy<\/span> son abominables<\/span>, se ha transformado<\/span> en la enorme<\/span> empresa<\/span> suicida<\/span> de un hombre completamente<\/span> enloquecido<\/span>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Robinson Crusoe es el hombre moderno en el pin\u00e1culo de sus fuerzas. Lo sabemos porque no hay en \u00e9l ni un solo anhelo que no sea econ\u00f3mico, ni existe en su mundo nada que no sean hechos, ni hay cosas que no se dejen utilizar como a uno m\u00e1s le […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5501","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cultura"],"yoast_head":"\n\u00abRobinson Crusoe\u00bb, o por qu\u00e9 es tan odioso el hombre moderno - Revista Rambla<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/lrobinson-crusoer-o-por-que-es-tan-odioso-el-hombre-moderno\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u00abRobinson Crusoe\u00bb, o por qu\u00e9 es tan odioso el hombre moderno - Revista Rambla\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Robinson Crusoe es el hombre moderno en el pin\u00e1culo de sus fuerzas. 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