{"id":5158,"date":"2014-04-11T07:44:33","date_gmt":"2014-04-11T07:44:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/una-reforma-penal-que-certifica-la-exclusion-social\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T18:45:52","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T16:45:52","slug":"una-reforma-penal-que-certifica-la-exclusion-social","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/una-reforma-penal-que-certifica-la-exclusion-social\/","title":{"rendered":"UNA REFORMA PENAL QUE CERTIFICA LA EXCLUSI\u00d3N SOCIAL"},"content":{"rendered":"

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tM\u00e1s<\/span> penas<\/span> y, a la vez<\/span>, m\u00e1s<\/span> duras<\/span>. Introducci\u00f3n<\/span> de la libertad<\/span> vigilada<\/span> tras<\/span> salir<\/span> de prisi\u00f3n<\/span>. Persecuci\u00f3n<\/span> de las<\/span> protestas<\/span> en las<\/span> redes<\/span> sociales<\/span> por<\/span> “incitaci\u00f3n”<\/span> al desorden<\/span> p\u00fablico<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\tM\u00e1s<\/span> penas<\/span> y, a la vez<\/span>, m\u00e1s<\/span> duras<\/span>. Introducci\u00f3n<\/span> de la libertad<\/span> vigilada<\/span> tras<\/span> salir<\/span> de prisi\u00f3n<\/span>. Persecuci\u00f3n<\/span> de las<\/span> protestas<\/span> en las<\/span> redes<\/span> sociales<\/span> por<\/span> “incitaci\u00f3n”<\/span> al desorden<\/span> p\u00fablico<\/span>. Mayores<\/span> castigos<\/span> a reincidentes<\/span>. El proyecto<\/span> de modificaci\u00f3n<\/span> del C\u00f3digo<\/span> Penal es<\/span> un nuevo<\/span> endurecimiento<\/span> de la ley<\/span> en uno<\/span> de los pa\u00edses<\/span> europeos<\/span> con las<\/span> tasas<\/span> de criminalidad<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> bajas<\/span> y que<\/span>, sin embargo, mantiene<\/span> una<\/span> de las<\/span> tasas<\/span> de poblaci\u00f3n<\/span> reclusas<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> altas<\/span> de Europa<\/span>, seg\u00fan<\/span> datos<\/span> de la oficina<\/span> estad\u00edstica<\/span> de la Comisi\u00f3n<\/span> Europea<\/span> (Eurostat<\/span>).<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\"alt\"<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tLa reforma<\/span> del C\u00f3digo<\/span> Penal viene<\/span> siendo<\/span> muy<\/span> cuestionada<\/span> desde<\/span> el \u00e1mbito<\/span> judicial, con una<\/span> amplia<\/span> cr\u00edtica<\/span> a los puntos<\/span> claves<\/span> de una<\/span> reforma<\/span> aprobada<\/span> por<\/span> el Gobierno<\/span> el pasado<\/span> mes<\/span> de septiembre<\/span> y que<\/span> se tramita<\/span> actualmente<\/span> en el Congreso<\/span> de los Diputados<\/span>. Un punto<\/span> en especial atrae<\/span> las<\/span> quejas<\/span>, la denominada<\/span> prisi\u00f3n<\/span> permanente<\/span> revisable. Un concepto<\/span> que<\/span> ha generado<\/span> numerosas<\/span> objeciones<\/span> entre<\/span> los juristas<\/span> y que<\/span> indica<\/span> una<\/span> “direcci\u00f3n<\/span> incorrecta”<\/span> en materia<\/span> judicial, seg\u00fan<\/span> Xavier Badia<\/span>, de la Comisi\u00f3n<\/span> de Derechos<\/span> Humanos<\/span> de Just\u00edcia<\/span> i Pau<\/span>, asociaci\u00f3n<\/span> que<\/span> ha organizado<\/span> un debate alrededor<\/span> de una<\/span> reforma<\/span> que<\/span> presenta<\/span> “unas<\/span> caracter\u00edsticas<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> graves y preocupantes<\/span> que<\/span> reformas<\/span> anteriores<\/span> en cuanto<\/span> a la protecci\u00f3n<\/span> de los derechos<\/span> humanos<\/span> y la exigencia<\/span> de reinserci\u00f3n<\/span> social de los presos”<\/span>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tLa reforma<\/span> “no resuelve<\/span> ning\u00fan<\/span> problema<\/span> del sistema<\/span> penitenciario”<\/span> e introduce “penas<\/span> completamente<\/span> disparatadas<\/span>, en casos<\/span> que<\/span> ya<\/span> son importantes<\/span>, por<\/span> lo que<\/span> hay que<\/span> prever<\/span> un importante<\/span> aumento<\/span> de la poblaci\u00f3n<\/span> reclusa”<\/span>, se\u00f1ala<\/span> Marc Garc\u00eda<\/span>, profesor<\/span> de Derecho<\/span> Penal de ESADE<\/span>, para<\/span> el que<\/span> el proyecto<\/span> de C\u00f3digo<\/span> Penal presentado<\/span> por<\/span> el ministerio<\/span> de Justicia<\/span> implica<\/span>\u00a0 “una<\/span> regresi\u00f3n<\/span> del sistema<\/span> judicial a estadios<\/span> anteriores<\/span> al C\u00f3digo<\/span> aprobado<\/span> en 1995”. Al retorno<\/span> al pasado<\/span> se a\u00f1ade<\/span> una<\/span> “redacci\u00f3n<\/span> desastrosa<\/span> del proyecto<\/span>, lo que<\/span> implica<\/span> una<\/span> dificultad<\/span> interpretativa<\/span> enorme”<\/span> para<\/span> los juristas<\/span>. Garc\u00eda<\/span> indica<\/span> cinco<\/span> rasgos<\/span> b\u00e1sicos<\/span> del proyecto<\/span> de C\u00f3digo<\/span> Penal para<\/span> apoyar<\/span> su<\/span> definici\u00f3n<\/span> del proyecto<\/span> de ley<\/span> como<\/span> regresivo<\/span>. La nueva<\/span> ley<\/span> vulnera<\/span> el principio<\/span> de intervenci\u00f3n<\/span> m\u00ednima<\/span>, el principio<\/span> de proporcionalidad<\/span> de las<\/span> penas<\/span> y el principio<\/span> de seguridad<\/span> jur\u00eddica<\/span>. A estas<\/span> tres<\/span> vulneraciones<\/span>, se suma<\/span> que<\/span> los l\u00edmites<\/span> cl\u00e1sicos<\/span> entre<\/span> hurto<\/span>, robo<\/span> con fuerza<\/span> y robo<\/span> con violencia<\/span> se difuminan<\/span>, y conceptos<\/span> como<\/span> “profesionalidad”<\/span> y “reincidencia”<\/span> aparecen<\/span> como<\/span> “los principales<\/span> criterios<\/span> que<\/span> informan<\/span> la tipificaci\u00f3n<\/span> de estos<\/span> delitos”<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tLa cr\u00edtica<\/span> se extiende<\/span> a otros<\/span> puntos<\/span> de la reforma<\/span>, como<\/span> las<\/span> medidas<\/span> de seguridad<\/span> posteriores<\/span> a la condena<\/span>, los art\u00edculos<\/span> referidos<\/span> al orden<\/span> p\u00fablico<\/span> y al delito<\/span> de atentado<\/span> a la autoridad<\/span> y a la supresi\u00f3n<\/span> de las<\/span> faltas<\/span>, “que<\/span> se transforman<\/span> en delitos<\/span> leves<\/span> y que<\/span> no se sabe<\/span> a\u00fan<\/span> de que<\/span> manera<\/span> se solucionar\u00e1n”<\/span>, comenta<\/span> el profesor<\/span> de ESADE<\/span>, que<\/span> abunda<\/span> en que<\/span> la desaparici\u00f3n<\/span> de las<\/span> faltas<\/span>, al convertirse<\/span> el 60% de ellas<\/span> en delitos<\/span> y el resto<\/span> en sanciones<\/span> administrativas<\/span> sin control judicial, “crea<\/span> una<\/span> situaci\u00f3n<\/span> que<\/span> origina<\/span> inseguridad<\/span> jur\u00eddica<\/span>. La mayor\u00eda<\/span> de las<\/span> faltas<\/span> no se eliminan<\/span>, se duplica<\/span> o triplica<\/span> su<\/span> pena<\/span> al convertirse<\/span> en delitos<\/span> leves<\/span> o menos<\/span> graves. Las que<\/span> se despenalizan<\/span> son las<\/span> faltas<\/span> que<\/span> no se aplican<\/span> y las<\/span> que<\/span> se aplican<\/span> no se despenalizan”<\/span>, concluye<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tPara el profesor<\/span> Garc\u00eda<\/span> este<\/span> proyecto<\/span> legislativo<\/span> homologa<\/span> los delitos<\/span> contra el patrimonio<\/span> a los homicidios<\/span> con el redactado<\/span> del art\u00edculo<\/span> 235 -bis.1 y bis.2- que<\/span> “engendra<\/span> tres<\/span> monstruos”<\/span> al introducir<\/span> 25 agravantes<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> y que<\/span> puede<\/span> significar<\/span> que<\/span> se acabe<\/span> llegando<\/span> a dictar<\/span> una<\/span> pena<\/span> de ocho<\/span> a\u00f1os<\/span> de prisi\u00f3n<\/span> por<\/span> delitos<\/span> que<\/span> hasta<\/span> este<\/span> momento<\/span> no son m\u00e1s<\/span> que<\/span> hurtos<\/span>.\u00a0 “Ven<\/span> muchos<\/span> peligros”<\/span>, resume el jurista<\/span> de un proyecto<\/span> de C\u00f3digo<\/span> Penal “lleno<\/span> de casu\u00edsmos”<\/span> y que<\/span> podr\u00eda<\/span> ser<\/span> anulado<\/span>, ya<\/span> que<\/span> el Gobierno<\/span> ha omitido<\/span> para<\/span> una<\/span> parte<\/span> importante<\/span> de la reforma<\/span> la petici\u00f3n<\/span> de informes<\/span> al Consejo<\/span> General del Poder<\/span> Judicial, al Consejo<\/span> Fiscal y al Consejo<\/span> de Estado<\/span>, como<\/span> han<\/span> se\u00f1alado<\/span> varios<\/span> de los expertos<\/span> que<\/span> han<\/span> pasado<\/span> por<\/span> la Comisi\u00f3n<\/span> de Justicia<\/span> del Congreso<\/span> de los Diputados<\/span> desde<\/span> el pasado<\/span> mes<\/span> de enero<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\"alt\"En el cuestionamiento<\/span> del proyecto<\/span> de ley<\/span> del C\u00f3digo<\/span> Penal coincide la profesora<\/span> de Derecho<\/span> Penal de la Universidad de Barcelona,\u00a0 Ujala<\/span> Joshi<\/span> Jubert<\/span>, que<\/span> fue<\/span> juez<\/span> entre<\/span> los a\u00f1os<\/span> 2000 y 2005, y que<\/span> califica<\/span> la reforma<\/span> de “muy<\/span> desventurada<\/span> y con una<\/span> t\u00e9cnica<\/span> legislativa<\/span> nefasta”<\/span>. Jubert<\/span> considera<\/span> que<\/span> con la introducci\u00f3n<\/span> de la prisi\u00f3n<\/span> permanente<\/span> revisable, figura<\/span> ya<\/span> existente<\/span> en Estados<\/span> Unidos<\/span> y Alemania<\/span>, “se rompe<\/span> uno<\/span> de los principios<\/span> b\u00e1sicos<\/span> del derecho<\/span> penal, al liquidar<\/span> la reinserci\u00f3n<\/span> de los presos<\/span>. Un cambio<\/span> de paradigma<\/span> en el tratamiento<\/span> de los delincuentes<\/span> peligrosos<\/span> que<\/span> liquida<\/span> la funci\u00f3n<\/span> del estado<\/span> social: la resocializaci\u00f3n<\/span>, los tratamientos<\/span>, la rehabilitaci\u00f3n<\/span> y la libertad<\/span> condicional”<\/span>. Un cambio<\/span> de modelos<\/span> y de valores<\/span> que<\/span> supone<\/span> el paso<\/span> “al estado<\/span> neoliberal<\/span>, con su<\/span> tolerancia<\/span> cero<\/span>, el internamiento<\/span> indeterminado<\/span> y la introducci\u00f3n<\/span> de medidas<\/span> una<\/span> vez<\/span> cumplidas<\/span> las<\/span> penas<\/span> que<\/span> provoca<\/span> la estigmatizaci\u00f3n<\/span> y la victimizaci\u00f3n<\/span> de los exreclusos<\/span>. De la corresponsabilidad<\/span> del Estado<\/span> pasamos<\/span> a la \u00fanica<\/span> responsabilidad<\/span> individual”.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tLa exmagistrada<\/span>\u00a0 liga<\/span> el proyecto<\/span> de ley<\/span> impulsado<\/span> por<\/span> Ruiz-Gallard\u00f3n<\/span> a ese<\/span> cambio<\/span> de valores<\/span> y al paso<\/span> “de la seguridad<\/span> de los derechos<\/span> al derecho<\/span> a la seguridad”<\/span>, un camino<\/span> que<\/span> tiene<\/span> su<\/span> correspondencia<\/span> en el proyecto<\/span> de ley<\/span> de Seguridad<\/span> Ciudadana<\/span> elaborado<\/span> por<\/span> el ministerio<\/span> de Interior. Para Jubert<\/span>, estas<\/span> medidas<\/span> implican<\/span> que<\/span> “se cambia libertad<\/span> por<\/span> seguridad<\/span>, se abandonan<\/span> derechos<\/span> por<\/span> la seguridad<\/span> y se crea<\/span> una<\/span> nueva<\/span> categor\u00eda<\/span>: el delincuente<\/span> peligroso<\/span> de por<\/span> vida”<\/span>. As\u00ed<\/span>, el objetivo<\/span> de la resocializaci\u00f3n<\/span> de los reclusos<\/span> se desdibuja<\/span> y surge la segregaci\u00f3n<\/span> de la poblaci\u00f3n<\/span> exreclusa<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tSobre<\/span> la prisi\u00f3n<\/span> permanente<\/span> revisable, los tres<\/span> expertos<\/span> coinciden<\/span> en sus<\/span> cr\u00edticas<\/span>: se ampl\u00eda<\/span> a gran<\/span> n\u00famero<\/span> de delitos<\/span> y los plazos<\/span> de revisi\u00f3n<\/span> de la condena<\/span> son excesivos<\/span>. En este<\/span> sentido<\/span>, Jubert<\/span> explic\u00f3<\/span> que<\/span> en Alemania<\/span>, as\u00ed<\/span> como<\/span> en otros<\/span> estados<\/span> europeos<\/span>, los plazos<\/span> de revisi\u00f3n<\/span> son de entre<\/span> 15 y 20 a\u00f1os<\/span>, mientras<\/span> que<\/span> en Espa\u00f1a<\/span> ser\u00e1n<\/span> de entre<\/span> 25 y 35 a\u00f1os<\/span>. Todo<\/span> esto<\/span> sin determinar<\/span> en ning\u00fan<\/span> caso<\/span> las<\/span> condiciones<\/span> determinadas<\/span> para<\/span> extinguir<\/span> la condena<\/span> lo que<\/span> “muestra<\/span> falta<\/span> de humanidad”<\/span>. La profesora<\/span> de la UB<\/span> critic\u00f3<\/span> tambi\u00e9n<\/span> la libertad<\/span> vigilada<\/span> para<\/span> las<\/span> condenas<\/span> de entre<\/span> tres<\/span> y cinco<\/span> a\u00f1os<\/span>, pero<\/span> con posibilidad<\/span> de pr\u00f3rrogas<\/span> sucesivas<\/span> de\u00a0 otros<\/span> cinco<\/span> a\u00f1os<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> de duraci\u00f3n<\/span>, por<\/span> lo que<\/span> se sumar\u00eda<\/span> una<\/span> pena<\/span> adicional<\/span> que<\/span> podr\u00eda<\/span> llegar<\/span> a ser<\/span> superior a la principal y, cuesti\u00f3n<\/span> “grave, indeterminada<\/span> en el tiempo”<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t“El derecho<\/span> penal es<\/span> ideolog\u00eda”<\/span>, indica<\/span> Jubert<\/span> que<\/span> subraya<\/span> que<\/span> con la reforma<\/span> “se pasa<\/span> de juzgar<\/span> hechos<\/span> a juzgar<\/span> personas”. Para la jurista<\/span> esta<\/span> reforma<\/span> no se puede<\/span> separar<\/span> del momento<\/span> social, pol\u00edtico<\/span> y econ\u00f3mico<\/span> que<\/span> vive Europa<\/span> y advierte<\/span>, junto<\/span> con Marc Garc\u00eda<\/span>, m\u00e1s<\/span> rasgos<\/span> preocupantes<\/span> en un proyecto<\/span> legislativo<\/span> que<\/span>, en relaci\u00f3n<\/span>, a las<\/span> cuestiones<\/span> de orden<\/span> p\u00fablico<\/span> introduce cambios<\/span> en el delito<\/span> de des\u00f3rdenes<\/span>, para<\/span> los que<\/span> no ser\u00e1<\/span> preciso<\/span> acreditar<\/span> el da\u00f1o<\/span> efectivo<\/span>, y a\u00f1ade<\/span> como<\/span> agravante<\/span>, que<\/span> se produzca<\/span> en una<\/span> reuni\u00f3n<\/span> o manifestaci\u00f3n<\/span>. Una<\/span> deriva<\/span> preocupante<\/span> que<\/span> avisa<\/span> que<\/span> “no saben<\/span> gobernar<\/span> a personas libres<\/span> -expresa<\/span> Garc\u00eda<\/span>– y que<\/span> certifica<\/span> el proceso<\/span> de exclusi\u00f3n<\/span> social” de un nuevo<\/span> C\u00f3digo<\/span> Penal que<\/span>\u00a0 elevar\u00e1<\/span> las<\/span> condenas<\/span> por<\/span> amenazas<\/span> a polic\u00edas<\/span> en manifestaciones<\/span>, ya<\/span> que<\/span> se castigar\u00e1<\/span> como<\/span> atentado<\/span> a la autoridad<\/span>, sin necesidad<\/span> de acreditar<\/span> ning\u00fan<\/span> da\u00f1o<\/span>. En esa<\/span> “obsesi\u00f3n<\/span> por<\/span> la seguridad”<\/span> el proyecto<\/span> prev\u00e9<\/span> penas<\/span> de hasta<\/span> seis<\/span> a\u00f1os<\/span> por<\/span> protestar<\/span> ante edificios<\/span> como<\/span> el Congreso<\/span> de los Diputados<\/span>, y prisi\u00f3n<\/span> preventiva<\/span>, por<\/span> difundir<\/span> y promover<\/span> “protestas<\/span> ilegales”<\/span> a trav\u00e9s<\/span> de redes<\/span> sociales<\/span>. Para los dos profesores<\/span> de Derecho<\/span> Penal, la \u00fanica<\/span> intenci\u00f3n<\/span> de este<\/span> proyecto<\/span> es<\/span> “criminalizar<\/span> las<\/span> protestas”<\/span> y advierten<\/span> tambi\u00e9n<\/span> contra los intentos<\/span> del Gobierno<\/span> de limitar<\/span> derechos<\/span> c\u00edvicos<\/span> b\u00e1sicos<\/span> tales como<\/span> los derechos<\/span> de huelga<\/span>, reuni\u00f3n<\/span> y manifestaci\u00f3n<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tLos profesores<\/span> de Derecho<\/span> Penal previenen<\/span> contra una<\/span> consecuencia<\/span> derivada<\/span> de la entrada<\/span> en vigor de un C\u00f3digo<\/span> Penal que<\/span> “aumentar\u00e1<\/span> el coste<\/span> econ\u00f3mico<\/span> por<\/span> el aumento<\/span> de poblaci\u00f3n<\/span> reclusa”<\/span>. El gasto<\/span> por<\/span> preso<\/span>, seg\u00fan<\/span> se se\u00f1al\u00f3<\/span> en la sesi\u00f3n<\/span> de la Comisi\u00f3n<\/span> de Justicia<\/span> del pasado<\/span> 18 de marzo<\/span>, pasar\u00e1<\/span> de 63 a 100 euros<\/span>, uno<\/span> de los m\u00e1s<\/span> altos de Europa<\/span>, mientras<\/span> en 2013, y seg\u00fan<\/span> el presupuesto<\/span> asignado<\/span> a Instituciones<\/span> Penitenciarias<\/span>, elcoste<\/strong><\/span> anual<\/span> por<\/span> recluso<\/span> alcanz\u00f3<\/span> los 16.064 euros<\/span><\/strong>,<\/strong> unos<\/span> 44 euros<\/span> al d\u00eda<\/span>. Adem\u00e1s<\/span>, se aumentar\u00e1<\/span> la estancia<\/span> media en prisi\u00f3n<\/span>, que<\/span> ya<\/span> est\u00e1<\/span> en niveles<\/span> que<\/span> duplican<\/span> a pa\u00edses<\/span> como<\/span> Italia o Francia<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tEl Gobierno<\/span> prev\u00e9<\/span> que<\/span> el proyecto<\/span> de ley<\/span> del C\u00f3digo<\/span> Penal, que<\/span> endurecer\u00e1<\/span> las<\/span> penas<\/span> por<\/span> robo<\/span>, des\u00f3rdenes<\/span> p\u00fablicos<\/span> y delitos<\/span> sexuales<\/span> y fija<\/span> que<\/span> los delincuentes<\/span> sexuales<\/span> podr\u00e1n<\/span> ser<\/span> sometidos<\/span> a libertad<\/span> vigilada<\/span> ilimitada<\/span>, acabe<\/span> su<\/span> recorrido<\/span> parlamentario<\/span> a finales de este<\/span> mismo<\/span> a\u00f1o<\/span> y que<\/span> entre<\/span> en vigor ya<\/span> en 2015.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 \u00a0 M\u00e1s penas y, a la vez, m\u00e1s duras. Introducci\u00f3n de la libertad vigilada tras salir de prisi\u00f3n. Persecuci\u00f3n de las protestas en las redes sociales por “incitaci\u00f3n” al desorden p\u00fablico. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4120],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5158","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-poderes"],"blocksy_meta":[],"yoast_head":"\nUNA REFORMA PENAL QUE CERTIFICA LA EXCLUSI\u00d3N SOCIAL - Revista Rambla<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/una-reforma-penal-que-certifica-la-exclusion-social\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"UNA REFORMA PENAL QUE CERTIFICA LA EXCLUSI\u00d3N SOCIAL - Revista Rambla\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00a0 \u00a0 M\u00e1s penas y, a la vez, m\u00e1s duras. 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