{"id":4955,"date":"2014-03-10T10:45:02","date_gmt":"2014-03-10T10:45:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/dellutri-ha-sido-el-mediador-entre-berlusconi-y-la-mafia-cronicas-de-la-mafia-de-inigo-dominguez\/"},"modified":"2014-03-10T10:45:02","modified_gmt":"2014-03-10T10:45:02","slug":"dellutri-ha-sido-el-mediador-entre-berlusconi-y-la-mafia-cronicas-de-la-mafia-de-inigo-dominguez","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revistarambla.com\/en\/dellutri-ha-sido-el-mediador-entre-berlusconi-y-la-mafia-cronicas-de-la-mafia-de-inigo-dominguez\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cDELL\u2019UTRI HA SIDO EL MEDIADOR ENTRE BERLUSCONI Y LA MAFIA\u201d \u201cCR\u00d3NICAS DE LA MAFIA\u201d DE \u00cd\u00d1IGO DOM\u00cdNGUEZ"},"content":{"rendered":"

\t\"alt\"En verano<\/span>, los peri\u00f3dicos<\/span> combaten<\/span> la sequ\u00eda<\/span> informativa<\/span> intentando<\/span> ser<\/span> originales<\/span> y buscando<\/span> algo<\/span> distinto<\/span> que<\/span> llene<\/span> las<\/span> p\u00e1ginas<\/span> de los diarios<\/span>, cosa<\/span> que<\/span> por<\/span> otra<\/span> parte<\/span> deber\u00eda<\/span> ser<\/span> siempre<\/span> as\u00ed<\/span>. Cuando<\/span> las<\/span> redacciones<\/span><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\tEn verano<\/span>, los peri\u00f3dicos<\/span> combaten<\/span> la sequ\u00eda<\/span> informativa<\/span> intentando<\/span> ser<\/span> originales<\/span> y buscando<\/span> algo<\/span> distinto<\/span> que<\/span> llene<\/span> las<\/span> p\u00e1ginas<\/span> de los diarios<\/span>, cosa<\/span> que<\/span> por<\/span> otra<\/span> parte<\/span> deber\u00eda<\/span> ser<\/span> siempre<\/span> as\u00ed<\/span>. Cuando<\/span> las<\/span> redacciones<\/span> est\u00e1n<\/span> mermadas<\/span> por<\/span> las<\/span> vacaciones<\/span> y el control es<\/span> menor<\/span> sobre<\/span> los redactores<\/span>, a veces<\/span>, s\u00f3lo<\/span> a veces<\/span>, se hacen<\/span> cosas<\/span> muy<\/span> interesantes<\/span> que<\/span> son un b\u00e1lsamo<\/span> ante el prosaico<\/span> d\u00eda<\/span> a d\u00eda<\/span> de la informaci\u00f3n<\/span> pol\u00edtica<\/span>. El periodista<\/span> vasco<\/span> \u00cd\u00f1igo<\/span> Dom\u00ednguez<\/span> es<\/span> el corresponsal<\/span> en Roma, desde<\/span> hace<\/span> 13 a\u00f1os<\/span>, de El Correo<\/span><\/em> y, durante<\/span> tres<\/span> veranos<\/span> supo<\/span> convencer<\/span>, algunos<\/span> dicen<\/span> que<\/span> “enga\u00f1ar”<\/span>, a sus<\/span> jefes<\/span> para<\/span> hacer<\/span> una<\/span> serie<\/span> de reportajes<\/span> verdaderamente<\/span> envidiables<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\"alt\"<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tEl primero<\/span> fue<\/span> un viaje<\/span> en un coche<\/span> descapotable<\/span>, desde<\/span> Colliure<\/span> a Tarifa<\/span>. El segundo<\/span> un crucero<\/span> por<\/span> el Mediterr\u00e1neo<\/span> y el tercero<\/span> un viaje<\/span> en el Transiberiano<\/span>. Pero<\/span> lleg\u00f3<\/span> el d\u00eda<\/span> que<\/span> le dijeron<\/span> al “plumilla”<\/span> que<\/span> no hab\u00eda<\/span> dinero<\/span> para<\/span> viajes<\/span>, y que<\/span> ten\u00eda<\/span> que<\/span> hacer<\/span> una<\/span> serie<\/span> con 0 presupuesto<\/span>. Si no un viaje<\/span> f\u00edsico<\/span>, a Dom\u00ednguez<\/span> se le ocurri\u00f3<\/span> hacer<\/span> un viaje<\/span> al interior de la Mafia siciliana<\/span>. Desde<\/span> que<\/span> lleg\u00f3<\/span> a Roma ha intentado<\/span> entender<\/span> el complicado<\/span> mundo<\/span> mafioso<\/span>, y para<\/span> ello<\/span> ley\u00f3<\/span>, y ley\u00f3…<\/span> Fue<\/span> en la \u00e9poca<\/span> estival<\/span>, con la serie<\/span> que<\/span> escribi\u00f3<\/span> para<\/span> El correo<\/span> <\/em>en 2012, cuando<\/span> se gest\u00f3<\/span> el libro<\/span> Cr\u00f3nicas<\/span> de la Mafia <\/em>(ed<\/span>. Libros<\/span> del KO). Para ello<\/span> ampli\u00f3<\/span> los veinte<\/span> reportajes<\/span>, a\u00f1adi\u00f3<\/span> la rese\u00f1a<\/span> de m\u00e1s<\/span> de 200 pel\u00edculas<\/span> y tuvo<\/span> la cortes\u00eda<\/span> intelectual<\/span> de poner<\/span> notas<\/span> a pie de p\u00e1gina<\/span>. En su<\/span> visita<\/span> a Barcelona mantuvimos<\/span> una<\/span> conversaci\u00f3n<\/span> con el corresponsal<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\u00bfEl cine ha mitificado<\/span> a la Mafia?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tS\u00ed<\/span>, lo poco<\/span> que<\/span> sabemos<\/span> de la Mafia es<\/span> por<\/span> el cine. En Espa\u00f1a<\/span>, no es<\/span> que<\/span> nadie<\/span> lea libros<\/span> o informaciones<\/span> sobre<\/span> la Mafia, pero<\/span> hay poqu\u00edsima<\/span> informaci\u00f3n<\/span> en los medios<\/span> sobre<\/span> la Mafia. Si se quiere<\/span> hacer<\/span> bien<\/span>, profundizando<\/span> y poniendo<\/span> las<\/span> cosas<\/span> en su<\/span> contexto<\/span> y explicando<\/span> el porqu\u00e9<\/span> ocurren<\/span> las<\/span> cosas<\/span>, te<\/span> pierdes…<\/span>, es<\/span> una<\/span> tarea<\/span> dif\u00edcil<\/span> y que<\/span> lleva<\/span> mucho<\/span> tiempo<\/span>, y los corresponsales<\/span> estamos<\/span> en mil cosas<\/span>. Lo que<\/span> sabemos<\/span> es<\/span> por<\/span> el cine de Estados<\/span> Unidos<\/span>, que<\/span> al final refleja<\/span> la Mafia italoamericana<\/span>, no la siciliana<\/span>. El cine italiano<\/span> tard\u00f3<\/span> mucho<\/span> en acercase<\/span> al asunto<\/span>, hasta<\/span> 1949 no se hizo<\/span> la primera<\/span> pel\u00edcula<\/span> sobre<\/span> la Mafia (In nome<\/span> della<\/span> legge<\/span><\/em>, de Pietro<\/span> Germi<\/span>). Como para<\/span> nosotros<\/span> el terrorismo<\/span>, para<\/span> los italianos<\/span> no era f\u00e1cil<\/span> tratar<\/span> el mundo<\/span> mafioso<\/span>, y menos<\/span> cuando<\/span> se quer\u00eda<\/span> denunciar<\/span> complicidades<\/span> pol\u00edticas<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tComo se dice que<\/span> pasa<\/span> en la industria<\/span> de Hollywood: \u00bfLa Mafia ha financiado<\/span> pel\u00edculas<\/span> italianas<\/span>? <\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tNo hay una<\/span> relaci\u00f3n<\/span> tan directa<\/span> porque<\/span> la historia<\/span> de la Mafia y Hollywood es<\/span> un historia<\/span> incluible<\/span>, hay libros<\/span> buen\u00edsimos<\/span> que<\/span> explican<\/span> c\u00f3mo<\/span> est\u00e1n<\/span> relacionados<\/span> y se influyen<\/span> mutuamente<\/span>. La Mafia va<\/span> donde<\/span> hay dinero<\/span>, y la industria<\/span> italiana<\/span> del cine no creo<\/span> que<\/span> les interese<\/span>. Hay rumores<\/span>, no s\u00e9<\/span> si<\/span> es<\/span> leyenda<\/span> o no, que<\/span> cuentan<\/span> que<\/span> la pel\u00edcula<\/span> I fuorilegge<\/span><\/em>, dedicada<\/span> al bandolero<\/span> independentista<\/span> Salvatore Giuliano<\/span> (protagonizada<\/span> por<\/span> Vittorio<\/span> Gassman<\/span> en 1949) fue<\/span> financiada<\/span> por<\/span> el propio<\/span> Giuliano<\/span>, aunque<\/span> nunca<\/span> se prob\u00f3<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\u00bfLa trilog\u00eda<\/span> de El Padrino<\/span><\/em> les gusta<\/span> a los mafiosos<\/span>?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tLes encanta<\/span>. Cada<\/span> vez<\/span> que<\/span> hay una<\/span> redada<\/span> en casa de un mafioso<\/span> encuentran<\/span> el libro<\/span> de Mario Puzo<\/span> o las<\/span> pel\u00edculas<\/span> de Coppola<\/span>. Los mitifica<\/span> y les da<\/span> una<\/span> imagen<\/span> de una<\/span> gente<\/span> honorable a su<\/span> manera<\/span>, como<\/span> de tragedia<\/span> cl\u00e1sica<\/span>, con fondo<\/span> musical oper\u00edstico<\/span> y art\u00edsticamente<\/span> muy<\/span> bellas<\/span>. Es<\/span> una<\/span>\u00a0 categor\u00eda<\/span> est\u00e9tica<\/span>, que<\/span> parece<\/span> moral, que<\/span> es<\/span> parte<\/span> de la confusi\u00f3n<\/span> del cine, y es<\/span> as\u00ed<\/span> como<\/span> les gusta<\/span> que<\/span> los veamos<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tPara terminar<\/span> con el cine y entrar<\/span> en materia<\/span>: \u00bfQu\u00e9<\/span> pel\u00edcula<\/span> y serie<\/span> de televisi\u00f3n<\/span> ha reflejado<\/span> mejor<\/span> los ambientes<\/span> mafiosos<\/span>?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tAparte<\/span> deEl<\/em><\/span> Padrino<\/span><\/em>, que<\/span> quitando<\/span> la parte<\/span> de mistificaci\u00f3n<\/span>, nos ense\u00f1a<\/span> como<\/span> funciona<\/span> la Mafia y sus<\/span> c\u00f3digos<\/span>, la familia…<\/span> Como contrapeso<\/span> desmitificador<\/span> tenemos<\/span> todo<\/span> lo que<\/span> hizo<\/span> Martin Scorsese<\/span> (Mean streets<\/em>, Goodfellas<\/em>…<\/span>), reflejando<\/span> la sordidez<\/span>. La serie<\/span> de Los Soprano <\/em>ha completado<\/span> esta<\/span> operaci\u00f3n<\/span> acerc\u00e1ndose<\/span> a la cotidianidad<\/span>. La Mafia siciliana<\/span> es<\/span> otra<\/span> historia<\/span>, ah\u00ed<\/span> tenemos<\/span> la filmograf\u00eda<\/span> del valiente<\/span> y gran<\/span> Francesco Rosi<\/span>, como<\/span> Salvatore Giuliano<\/span><\/em>, Las manos<\/span> sobre<\/span> la ciudad<\/span><\/em>, El caso<\/span> Mattei<\/span><\/em>, Excelent\u00edsimos<\/span> cad\u00e1veres…<\/span>, <\/em>siempre<\/span> con el contexto<\/span> de un cuadro<\/span> pol\u00edtico<\/span> mucho<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> complejo<\/span>. Hay una<\/span> pel\u00edcula<\/span> muy<\/span> \u00fatil<\/span> para<\/span> conocer<\/span> a la Mafia, que<\/span> es<\/span> El d\u00eda<\/span> de la lechuza<\/span> <\/em>(Il giorno<\/span> della<\/span> civetta<\/span><\/em>, de Damiano<\/span> Damiani<\/span>)basada<\/span> en una<\/span> novela<\/span> de Leonardo Sciascia<\/span>, que<\/span>, en la literatura<\/span>, rompe<\/span> el silencio<\/span> con este<\/span> t\u00edtulo<\/span> en 1961. El libro<\/span> es<\/span> maravilloso<\/span>, y la pel\u00edcula<\/span> es<\/span> muy<\/span> completa<\/span> e ilustrativa<\/span>, la m\u00e1s<\/span> redonda<\/span> hasta<\/span> la fecha<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\u00bfEn Sicilia<\/span> se habla<\/span> y se escribe<\/span> sobre<\/span> la Mafia?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tS\u00ed<\/span>, m\u00e1s<\/span> que<\/span> hablar<\/span> y de acuerdo<\/span> con el car\u00e1cter<\/span> siciliano<\/span>, se insin\u00faa<\/span>, es<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> lo impl\u00edcito<\/span> que<\/span> lo expl\u00edcito<\/span>. Hay un tab\u00fa<\/span>, aunque<\/span> todo<\/span> el mundo<\/span> sabe<\/span> lo que<\/span> hay y se palpa<\/span> en el ambiente<\/span>. En la prensa<\/span> se escribe<\/span>, aunque<\/span> depende<\/span> de los periodos<\/span> hist\u00f3ricos<\/span>, hay unos<\/span> peri\u00f3dicos<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> c\u00f3mplices<\/span> que<\/span> guardaban<\/span> silencio<\/span>, y otros<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> osados<\/span> que<\/span> han<\/span> denunciado<\/span> cosas<\/span>, como<\/span> L’Ora<\/span> <\/em>de Palermo, que<\/span> contaba<\/span> cosas<\/span> que<\/span> nadie<\/span> contaba<\/span>, con nombres<\/span> y apellidos<\/span>. Muchos<\/span> periodistas<\/span> han<\/span> pagado<\/span> la osad\u00eda<\/span> con la vida<\/span>. Es<\/span> una<\/span> convivencia<\/span> muy<\/span> ambigua<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\u00bfY la seguridad<\/span>?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tEn estos<\/span> d\u00edas<\/span>, por<\/span> ejemplo<\/span>, a Nino Di Matteo<\/span>, que<\/span> es<\/span> el fiscal que<\/span> est\u00e1<\/span> llevando<\/span> el proceso<\/span> de la Trattativa<\/span><\/em>, de las<\/span> presuntas<\/span> negociones<\/span> del Estado<\/span> con la Mafia en los a\u00f1os<\/span> noventa<\/span>, le propusieron<\/span> que<\/span> utilizara<\/span> para<\/span> sus<\/span> desplazamientos<\/span> por<\/span> Palermo un tanque<\/span> Lince<\/span>, cosa<\/span> que<\/span> rechaz\u00f3<\/span>. Este<\/span> tipo<\/span> lleva<\/span> 20 a\u00f1os<\/span> con escoltas<\/span>, y recibe<\/span> amenazas<\/span> cada<\/span> d\u00eda<\/span>. Quienes<\/span> se acercan<\/span> tan profundamente<\/span> a los entresijos<\/span> del poder<\/span> y la Mafia, lo suelen<\/span> pagar<\/span> con la vida<\/span>, el juez<\/span> Giovanni Falcone<\/span> y muchos<\/span> otros<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t“La Gardu\u00f1a”<\/span> era una<\/span> organizaci\u00f3n<\/span> -aunque<\/span> nunca<\/span> se ha probado<\/span> documentalmente<\/span> su<\/span> existencia<\/span>, mas<\/span> que<\/span> por<\/span> tradici\u00f3n<\/span> oral- criminal espa\u00f1ola<\/span> que<\/span> funcionaba<\/span> como<\/span> una<\/span> sociedad<\/span> secreta<\/span>, con ritos<\/span> de iniciaci\u00f3n<\/span> y dem\u00e1s<\/span>, y que<\/span> dur\u00f3<\/span> desde<\/span> mediados<\/span> del siglo<\/span> XV al XIX<\/span>. Luego<\/span> en Catalunya<\/span>, el origen<\/span> de los Mossos<\/span> d’Escuadra<\/span> est\u00e1<\/span> en “Las rondas”<\/span>, que<\/span> eran<\/span> escuadras<\/span> de paisanos<\/span> armados<\/span> que<\/span> sustituyeron<\/span> al somat\u00e9n<\/span>. En Barcelona tuvimos<\/span>, a mediados<\/span> del siglo<\/span> XIX<\/span>, la famosa<\/span> “Ronda d’en<\/span> Tarr\u00e9s”<\/span>, que<\/span> era una<\/span> polic\u00eda<\/span> secreta<\/span> que<\/span> cobraba<\/span> un tributo<\/span> a los comerciantes<\/span> y a los propios<\/span> delincuentes<\/span> para<\/span> no molestarlos<\/span>, adem\u00e1s<\/span> de alquilarse<\/span> para<\/span> dar<\/span> palizas<\/span> a pol\u00edticos<\/span> y revolucionarios<\/span>. \u00bfPuede<\/span> haber<\/span> un origen<\/span> espa\u00f1ol<\/span> en la Mafia?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tPor<\/span> lo que<\/span> me cuentas<\/span> es<\/span> el m\u00e9todo<\/span> mafioso<\/span>, y nacen<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> o menos<\/span> en la misma<\/span> \u00e9poca<\/span>. En Sicilia<\/span> el origen<\/span> est\u00e1<\/span> en los guardas<\/span> y capataces<\/span> armados<\/span> que<\/span> los terratenientes<\/span> utilizaban<\/span> para<\/span> mantener<\/span> a raya<\/span> a los campesinos<\/span>. Sobre<\/span> la conexi\u00f3n<\/span> espa\u00f1ola<\/span> en el origen<\/span> de la Camorra<\/span> napolitana<\/span> hay libros<\/span> que<\/span> lo tratan<\/span>, yo<\/span> la conozco<\/span> menos<\/span>, porque<\/span> me he centrado<\/span> en Sicilia<\/span>. En esa<\/span> \u00e9poca<\/span> estaba<\/span> todo<\/span> muy<\/span> mezclado<\/span>, la Mafia coge<\/span> los ritos<\/span> de iniciaci\u00f3n<\/span> de las<\/span> organizaciones<\/span> secretas<\/span> como<\/span> la masoner\u00eda…<\/span><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\"alt\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tY de los carbonarios<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tClaro<\/span>, que<\/span> luego<\/span> est\u00e1<\/span> muy<\/span> relacionado<\/span> con el nacimiento<\/span> de Italia, en todos<\/span> los estados<\/span> modernos<\/span> vemos<\/span> que<\/span> estaba<\/span> la masoner\u00eda<\/span> por<\/span> medio<\/span>. El ritual es<\/span> para<\/span> dar<\/span> un sentido<\/span> de pertenenc\u00eda<\/span> y de lealtad<\/span>, para<\/span> prevenir<\/span> la traici\u00f3n<\/span> y preservar<\/span> el grupo<\/span> cerrado<\/span>. Uno de los primeros<\/span> nombres<\/span> de la Mafia en Estados<\/span> Unidos<\/span> fue<\/span> “La Mano<\/span> Negra”…<\/span><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tComo el montaje<\/span> del gobierno<\/span> de Sagasta<\/span> con el grupo<\/span> de falsa<\/span> bandera<\/span> “La Mano<\/span> Negra”<\/span>, que<\/span> pretend\u00eda<\/span> implicar<\/span> a los anarquistas<\/span> y justificar<\/span> la represi\u00f3n<\/span> contra el campesinado<\/span> andaluz…<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tExacto<\/span>, lo cogieron<\/span> de ah\u00ed<\/span>, de hecho<\/span> la primera<\/span> pel\u00edcula<\/span> muda<\/span> sobre<\/span> la Mafia es<\/span> The Black Hand <\/em>(1906).<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tEntonces<\/span>, \u00bfcu\u00e1ndo<\/span> nace<\/span> la Mafia tal<\/span> y como<\/span> la conocemos<\/span> hoy<\/span>?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tEl caldo<\/span> de cultivo<\/span> fueron<\/span> todas<\/span> esas<\/span> bandas<\/span> de matones<\/span> que<\/span> operaban<\/span> en el campo<\/span>. La Mafia nace<\/span> a la vez<\/span> que<\/span> el Estado<\/span> Italiano<\/span>, como<\/span> un estado<\/span> alternativo<\/span>. En un Estado<\/span> Borb\u00f3nico<\/span> en declive<\/span>, y el naciente<\/span> Estado<\/span> italiano<\/span>, los vac\u00edos<\/span> de poder<\/span> y falta<\/span> de autoridad<\/span> eran<\/span> patentes<\/span>, sobre<\/span> todo<\/span> en zonas<\/span> rurales<\/span>. El monopolio<\/span> de la violencia<\/span> la tiene<\/span> el Estado<\/span>, con la polic\u00eda<\/span> y el ej\u00e9rcito<\/span>, y all\u00ed<\/span> donde<\/span> no llegaban<\/span>, imperaba<\/span> la ley<\/span> del m\u00e1s<\/span> fuerte<\/span>. Estas<\/span> cuadrillas<\/span> se hicieron<\/span> con el poder<\/span> y los propietarios<\/span> las<\/span> contrataban<\/span>. Luego<\/span>, cuando<\/span> empezaron<\/span> a tener<\/span> un poder<\/span> econ\u00f3mico<\/span> se form\u00f3<\/span> una<\/span> burgues\u00eda<\/span> mafiosa<\/span>, y de ah\u00ed<\/span> a infiltrase<\/span> en todas<\/span> las<\/span> esferas<\/span> del poder<\/span> y ver<\/span> al Estado<\/span> como<\/span> un bot\u00edn<\/span>, va<\/span> un paso<\/span>, y hasta<\/span> hoy<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tLos casos<\/span> de la G\u00fcrtel<\/span>, B\u00e1rcenas<\/span>, Blesa<\/span>, caso<\/span> Palau de la M\u00fasica<\/span>, los “eres”<\/span> de Andaluc\u00eda…<\/span> \u00bfson m\u00e9todos<\/span>, presuntamente<\/span>, de crimen<\/span> organizado<\/span>?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tJa<\/span>, ja<\/span>, ja…<\/span>, el m\u00e9todo<\/span> mafioso<\/span> es<\/span> una<\/span> forma de ejercer<\/span> el poder<\/span>, y se puede<\/span> aplicar<\/span> a todas<\/span> las<\/span> escalas<\/span>, desde<\/span> la Mafia cl\u00e1sica<\/span>, hasta<\/span> el capitalismo<\/span>. Se trata<\/span> de conseguir<\/span> el m\u00e1ximo<\/span> poder<\/span> pol\u00edtico<\/span> y econ\u00f3mico<\/span> por<\/span> todos<\/span> los medios<\/span>, legales<\/span> o no. La marca<\/span> mafiosa<\/span> como<\/span> franquicia<\/span> es<\/span> muy<\/span> \u00fatil<\/span>, porque<\/span> la Mafia es<\/span> un modelo<\/span> empresarial<\/span> de \u00e9xito<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tSe ha escrito<\/span> y hablado<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> de la Mafia en la pol\u00edtica<\/span>, incluso<\/span> en la Curia Vaticana<\/span>, pero<\/span> menos<\/span> en la banca<\/span> y las<\/span> grandes<\/span> corporaciones<\/span> financieras…<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tLa pel\u00edcula<\/span> El lobo de Wall Street<\/em>, de Scorsese<\/span> es<\/span> una<\/span> pel\u00edcula<\/span> de Mafia sin pistolas<\/span>. Y la \u00faltima<\/span> cr\u00edtica<\/span> sofisticada<\/span> del films es<\/span> que<\/span> el capitalismo<\/span> es<\/span> mafioso<\/span>. La Mafia ahora<\/span> es<\/span> una<\/span> multinacional<\/span> globalizada<\/span>, y el capitalismo<\/span> tiene<\/span> una<\/span> parte<\/span> de dinero<\/span> negro<\/span> mafioso<\/span> enorme<\/span>. En Italia se calcula<\/span> que<\/span> mueven<\/span> entre<\/span> el 7 y el 8 por<\/span> ciento<\/span> del PIB<\/span>, imag\u00ednate<\/span> en todo<\/span> el mundo<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\u00bfY esa<\/span> idea de anti-Estado<\/span> de la Mafia puede<\/span> concitar<\/span> cierto<\/span> consenso<\/span> social?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tEsta<\/span> es<\/span> una<\/span> noticia<\/span> reciente<\/span>: Un pizzero<\/span> de N\u00e1poles<\/span> recibe<\/span> una<\/span> inspecci\u00f3n<\/span> de Hacienda. Resulta<\/span> que<\/span> tiene<\/span> a su<\/span> mujer<\/span> trabajando<\/span> con \u00e9l<\/span> sin contrato<\/span>. Le metieron<\/span> 2.000 € de multa<\/span>, amenaz\u00e1ndole<\/span> con cerrarle<\/span> el negocio<\/span> si<\/span> no pagaba<\/span>. El hombre les implor\u00f3<\/span>, y no le hicieran<\/span> caso<\/span>. Se suicid\u00f3<\/span> dejando<\/span> tres<\/span> hijos<\/span>. A los dos d\u00edas<\/span> sali\u00f3<\/span> el hermano<\/span> haciendo<\/span> unas<\/span> declaraciones<\/span> a la prensa<\/span>: “El Estado<\/span> no tiene<\/span> piedad<\/span> y no es<\/span> humano<\/span>. Si mi hermano<\/span> hubiera<\/span> pedido<\/span> el dinero<\/span> a la Camorra<\/span> le hubieran<\/span> dado m\u00e1s<\/span> tiempo<\/span> para<\/span> pagar<\/span>, por<\/span> lo que<\/span> debo<\/span> deducir<\/span> que<\/span> tengo<\/span> que<\/span> tener<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> lealtad<\/span> a la Camorra<\/span> que<\/span> al Estado”<\/span>. Esta<\/span> es<\/span> una<\/span> declaraci\u00f3n<\/span> de hace<\/span> unos<\/span> d\u00edas<\/span>, pero<\/span> pod\u00eda<\/span> ser<\/span> del siglo<\/span> XIX<\/span>, esa<\/span> idea de que<\/span> el Estado<\/span> es<\/span> algo<\/span> hostil<\/span>, que<\/span> te<\/span> roba<\/span> y no te<\/span> da<\/span> nada a cambio<\/span>, que<\/span> encima<\/span> te<\/span> oprime<\/span> y es<\/span> injusto<\/span>, est\u00e1<\/span> muy<\/span> presente<\/span> en muchos<\/span> italianos<\/span>. Luego<\/span> tienen<\/span> esa<\/span> posibilidad<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> turbia<\/span>, m\u00e1s<\/span> sucia<\/span>, pero<\/span> que<\/span> te<\/span> puede<\/span> resolver un problema<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\u00bfCu\u00e1ndo<\/span> acabar\u00e1<\/span> la mafia?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tEsa<\/span> misma<\/span> pregunta<\/span> se la hizo<\/span> el fiscal antimafia<\/span> Pietro<\/span> Grasso<\/span>, que<\/span> ahora<\/span> es<\/span> presidente<\/span> del Senado<\/span>, a un mafioso<\/span> que<\/span> estaba<\/span> interrogando<\/span>. \u00c9ste<\/span> le explic\u00f3<\/span> como<\/span> hab\u00eda<\/span> ayudado<\/span> a un joven<\/span> matrimonio<\/span> que<\/span> no ten\u00edan<\/span> para<\/span> darle<\/span> de comer a su<\/span> hijo<\/span> reci\u00e9n<\/span> nacido<\/span>. El capo<\/span> busc\u00f3<\/span> trabajo<\/span> al marido<\/span>. M\u00e1s<\/span> tarde<\/span>, el joven<\/span> tuvo<\/span> que<\/span> devolver<\/span> el favor al capo<\/span> mafioso<\/span>, que<\/span> le pidi\u00f3<\/span> su<\/span> DNI<\/span> a cambio<\/span>. Mientras<\/span> la gente<\/span> acuda<\/span> a la Mafia y no al Estado<\/span> italiano<\/span>, que<\/span> es<\/span> un desastre<\/span>, existir\u00e1<\/span> la Mafia.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\u00bfSilvio<\/span> Berlusconi<\/span> tuvo<\/span> o tiene<\/span> relaci\u00f3n<\/span> con la Mafia?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tHe a\u00f1adido<\/span> un cap\u00edtulo<\/span> sobre<\/span> Berlusconi<\/span> y la Mafia porque<\/span> es<\/span> un asunto<\/span> muy<\/span> desconocido<\/span> y tab\u00fa<\/span> en Italia. Nunca<\/span> le han<\/span> condenado<\/span> por<\/span> nada que<\/span> tenga<\/span> que<\/span> ver<\/span> con la Mafia, pero<\/span> en las<\/span> investigaciones<\/span> que<\/span> se han<\/span> hecho<\/span>, salen<\/span> muchas<\/span> cosas<\/span> que<\/span>, aunque<\/span> penalmente<\/span> no hayan<\/span> tenido<\/span> efecto<\/span>, pol\u00edticamente<\/span> deber\u00edan<\/span> tenerlo<\/span>. El Tribunal Supremo<\/span> ha probado<\/span> que<\/span>: en 1974 se reuni\u00f3<\/span> en su<\/span> despacho<\/span> con capos<\/span> mafiosos<\/span>, y con el gran<\/span> capo<\/span> de la \u00e9poca<\/span> Stefano Bontate<\/span>, para<\/span> hablar<\/span> de negocios<\/span> y de protecci\u00f3n<\/span>, ya<\/span> que<\/span> ten\u00eda<\/span> miedo<\/span> que<\/span> secuestraran<\/span> a sus<\/span> hijos<\/span>. Los dos a\u00f1os<\/span> siguientes<\/span> tuvo<\/span> a un capo<\/span> mafioso<\/span>, del clan de Porta<\/span> Nuova<\/span>, empleado<\/span> en su<\/span> mansi\u00f3n<\/span> de Arcore<\/span>. Se trataba<\/span> de Vittorio<\/span> Mangano<\/span>. Sus<\/span> empresas<\/span> pagaron<\/span> a Cosa<\/span> Nostra<\/span>, hasta<\/span> los noventa<\/span>, por<\/span> protecci\u00f3n<\/span>. Luego<\/span>, su<\/span> mano<\/span> derecha<\/span>, el cofundador<\/span> de su<\/span> partido<\/span>, Marcello Dell’Utri<\/span> ha sido<\/span> el mediador<\/span> entre<\/span> Berlusconi<\/span> y la Mafia, esto<\/span> la ha dicho<\/span> el Supremo<\/span>. De esto<\/span> en Italia no se habla<\/span> nada. Adem\u00e1s<\/span> Berlusconi<\/span> nunca<\/span> ha aclarado<\/span> el origen<\/span> de su<\/span> fortuna<\/span>. Un tipo<\/span> que<\/span> era estudiante<\/span> de derecho<\/span>, que<\/span> vend\u00eda<\/span> aspiradoras<\/span> por<\/span> las<\/span> casas<\/span> y cantaba<\/span> en los cruceros<\/span> en verano<\/span>, de repente<\/span> le llega<\/span> el dinero<\/span> para<\/span> empezar<\/span> a construir<\/span> pisos<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t(En 1994, la Fiscal\u00eda<\/span> empez\u00f3<\/span> a investigar<\/span> a Silvio<\/span> Berlusconi<\/span> y Marcello Dell’Utri<\/span> por<\/span> concurso<\/span> en asociaci\u00f3n<\/span> mafiosa<\/span>. Aunque<\/span> en 1997 las<\/span> acusaciones<\/span> contra Il Cavaliere<\/span> <\/em>fueron<\/span> archivadas<\/span>. Al senador<\/span> Dell’Utri<\/span> se le conden\u00f3<\/span>, en primera<\/span> instancia<\/span>, a 7 a\u00f1os<\/span> de c\u00e1rcel<\/span> por<\/span> haberse<\/span> probado<\/span> sus<\/span> contactos<\/span> con la Cosa<\/span> Nostra<\/span>. Hasta<\/span> la fecha<\/span>, se est\u00e1<\/span> a la espera<\/span> de la sentencia<\/span> definitiva<\/span> del Tribunal Supremo<\/span>).<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tEn Espa\u00f1a<\/span> los jueces<\/span> que<\/span> combaten<\/span> la corrupci\u00f3n<\/span> est\u00e1n<\/span> bastante<\/span> solos, \u00bfes<\/span> as\u00ed<\/span> con los jueces<\/span> antimafia<\/span>?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tAbsolutamente<\/span> solos. Un polic\u00eda<\/span>, de los que<\/span> hac\u00edan<\/span> su<\/span> trabajo<\/span>, dec\u00eda<\/span> en los noventa<\/span>: “En Palermo hacer<\/span> tu<\/span> trabajo<\/span> es<\/span> saber que<\/span> vas a morir”<\/span>. Luego<\/span> hab\u00eda<\/span> muchos<\/span> que<\/span> no cumpl\u00edan<\/span> con su<\/span> deber<\/span>. El Palacio<\/span> de Justicia<\/span> de Palermo se le conoc\u00eda<\/span> como<\/span> el Palacio<\/span> de los Venenos<\/span>, porque<\/span> estaba<\/span> lleno<\/span> de topos<\/span> de la Mafia. Incluso<\/span> los servicios<\/span> secretos<\/span> hab\u00eda<\/span> los que<\/span> jugaban<\/span> con los buenos<\/span> y los que<\/span> jugaban<\/span> con los malos<\/span>. El atentado<\/span> frustrado<\/span> que<\/span> sufri\u00f3<\/span> el juez<\/span> Falcone<\/span> en 1989, es<\/span> un ejemplo<\/span> alucinante<\/span>. Le pusieron<\/span> una<\/span> bomba<\/span> en su<\/span> lugar<\/span> de veraneo<\/span> que<\/span> no estall\u00f3<\/span>. Despu\u00e9s<\/span> de muchos<\/span> a\u00f1os<\/span> se supo<\/span> que<\/span> la Mafia, en connivencia<\/span> con miembros<\/span> del servicio<\/span> secreto<\/span>, le pusieron<\/span> la bomba<\/span> en unas<\/span> rocas<\/span> donde<\/span> \u00e9l<\/span> sol\u00eda<\/span> ba\u00f1arse<\/span>, pero<\/span> unos<\/span> submarinistas<\/span>, tambi\u00e9n<\/span> del servicio<\/span> secreto<\/span>, la desactivaron<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tEn varias<\/span> partes<\/span> del libro<\/span> haces<\/span> un paralelismo<\/span> entre<\/span> ETA y Mafia, \u00bfexpl\u00edcame<\/span> esto<\/span>?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tCreo<\/span> que<\/span> es<\/span> \u00fatil<\/span> porque<\/span> hay una<\/span> imagen<\/span> fr\u00edvola<\/span> de la Mafia, y si<\/span> lo comparas<\/span> con algo<\/span> que<\/span> en Espa\u00f1a<\/span> conocemos<\/span>, pues<\/span> vemos<\/span> que<\/span> estamos<\/span> hablando<\/span> de cosas<\/span> serias<\/span> y peligrosas<\/span>. S\u00f3lo<\/span> en la guerra<\/span> de Palermo de los ochenta<\/span> hubo<\/span> 1.500 muertos<\/span>, y la ETA en toda<\/span> su<\/span> historia<\/span> ha llegado<\/span> a 900. La aplicaci\u00f3n<\/span> del terror y del m\u00e9todo<\/span> mafioso<\/span> tambi\u00e9n<\/span> tiene<\/span> sus<\/span> paralelismos<\/span>, la omert\u00e0<\/span> <\/em>es<\/span> muy<\/span> parecida<\/span> al silencio<\/span> social que<\/span> hemos<\/span> vivido<\/span> en el Pa\u00eds<\/span> Vasco<\/span>. Yo<\/span>, por<\/span> trabajar<\/span> en un peri\u00f3dico<\/span> considerado<\/span> enemigo<\/span>, ten\u00eda<\/span> que<\/span> mirar<\/span> todas<\/span> las<\/span> ma\u00f1anas<\/span> debajo<\/span> de mi coche<\/span>. Luego<\/span> la inercia<\/span> social que<\/span> lleva<\/span> a considerar<\/span> la violencia<\/span> como<\/span> algo<\/span> normal, la que<\/span> dice que<\/span> si<\/span> mataban<\/span> a alguien<\/span> “ser\u00e1<\/span> porque<\/span> algo<\/span> habr\u00e1<\/span> hecho”<\/span>. Hubo<\/span> una<\/span> carta<\/span> al director de un peri\u00f3dico<\/span> italiano<\/span> donde<\/span> un ciudadano<\/span> dec\u00eda<\/span> que<\/span> el juez<\/span> Falcone<\/span>, cuando<\/span> se mov\u00eda<\/span> por<\/span> la ciudad<\/span> con su<\/span> numerosa<\/span> escolta<\/span> y paraban<\/span> el tr\u00e1fico<\/span>, era un incordio<\/span>, y porque<\/span> no llevaban<\/span> a todos<\/span> los magistrados<\/span> y polic\u00edas<\/span> a las<\/span> afueras<\/span> de Palermo, para<\/span> que<\/span> no molestaran<\/span>. La Mafia tambi\u00e9n<\/span> cobraba<\/span> su<\/span> impuesto<\/span> “revolucionario”<\/span> y ten\u00eda<\/span> su<\/span> brazo<\/span> pol\u00edtico<\/span>, la Democracia<\/span> Cristiana<\/span>, aunque<\/span> la Mafia no tiene<\/span> ideolog\u00eda<\/span>, s\u00f3lo<\/span> tiene<\/span> intereses<\/span>. O la eliminaci\u00f3n<\/span> de los arrepentidos<\/span>, como<\/span> le pas\u00f3<\/span> a Yoyes<\/span> (Dolores Gonz\u00e1lez<\/span>).<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\u00bfLa red Gladio<\/span> tuvo<\/span> un precedente<\/span> en la Mafia siciliana<\/span>?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tLa Mafia, en la postguerra<\/span> italiana<\/span>, fue<\/span> un agente<\/span> pol\u00edtico<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> dentro<\/span> del tablero<\/span> de juego<\/span> de la guerra<\/span> fr\u00eda<\/span>. Y la estructura<\/span> militar<\/span> clandestina<\/span> de la OTAN<\/span>, Gladio<\/span>, que<\/span> permanec\u00eda<\/span> dormida<\/span> y que<\/span>, en un principio<\/span>, s\u00f3lo<\/span> ten\u00eda<\/span> que<\/span> actuar<\/span> en caso<\/span> de una<\/span> invasi\u00f3n<\/span> de los pa\u00edses<\/span> del \u00e1rea<\/span> socialista<\/span> o de victoria electoral de los partidos<\/span> comunistas<\/span>. Pero<\/span> todo<\/span> lo que<\/span> se mueve<\/span> en Italia por<\/span> debajo<\/span> de la superficie<\/span>, todo<\/span> ese<\/span> mundo<\/span> oscuro<\/span>, es<\/span> dif\u00edcil<\/span> de controlar<\/span>. En Italia hay lo que<\/span> se llama servicios<\/span> secretos<\/span> “desviados”<\/span>, y que<\/span> siempre<\/span> coinciden<\/span> con la extrema<\/span> derecha<\/span>, no s\u00e9<\/span> por<\/span> qu\u00e9<\/span>, pues<\/span> se mezclaron<\/span> en todos<\/span> los atentados<\/span> de los “a\u00f1os<\/span> del plomo”<\/span>, donde<\/span> aparecen<\/span> agentes<\/span> de Gladio<\/span> por<\/span> todas<\/span> partes<\/span>. Fueron<\/span> movilizados<\/span> para<\/span> la guerra<\/span> sucia<\/span>. Como en Grecia<\/span>, para<\/span> crear<\/span> una<\/span> tensi\u00f3n<\/span> de forma artificial, con atentados<\/span> de falsa<\/span> bandera<\/span>, para<\/span> justificar<\/span> un golpe<\/span> autoritario<\/span> o la imposici\u00f3n<\/span> de un r\u00e9gimen<\/span>. La Mafia, en la postguerra<\/span>, ya<\/span> pact\u00f3<\/span> con los fascistas<\/span> y fue<\/span> una<\/span> especie<\/span> de Gladio<\/span> a la siciliana<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tPor<\/span> \u00faltimo<\/span>: \u00bfGiovanni Falcone<\/span> est\u00e1<\/span> considerado<\/span> un h\u00e9roe<\/span> en su<\/span> pa\u00eds<\/span>?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tS\u00ed<\/span>, sin duda<\/span>. Los fiscales<\/span> y los magistrados<\/span> en Italia tienen<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> iniciativa<\/span> y protagonismo<\/span>, no reciben<\/span> \u00f3rdenes<\/span> de nadie<\/span>, ni<\/span> la acci\u00f3n<\/span> judicial depende<\/span> de un juez<\/span>. Tienen<\/span> mucha<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> libertad<\/span> y son medi\u00e1ticos<\/span>, en el sentido<\/span> de que<\/span> son personajes<\/span> p\u00fablicos<\/span>, que<\/span> dan<\/span> entrevistas<\/span>. En Espa\u00f1a<\/span> s\u00f3lo<\/span> conocemos<\/span> a los jueces<\/span> que<\/span> llevan<\/span> casos<\/span> muy<\/span> famosos<\/span>, pero<\/span> la mayor\u00eda<\/span> son an\u00f3nimos<\/span>. All\u00ed<\/span>, quiz\u00e1<\/span> por<\/span> el car\u00e1cter<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> expansivo<\/span> del italiano<\/span>. Falcone<\/span> tuvo<\/span> muchos<\/span> enemigos<\/span>. Cuando<\/span> se cumpl\u00eda<\/span> no s\u00e9<\/span> qu\u00e9<\/span> aniversario<\/span> de su<\/span> muerte<\/span>, una<\/span> amiga<\/span> suya<\/span> que<\/span> llev\u00f3<\/span> muchos<\/span> casos<\/span> de corrupci\u00f3n<\/span>, la fiscal Ilda<\/span> Boccassini<\/span>, hizo<\/span> unas<\/span> declaraciones<\/span> muy<\/span> duras<\/span>: “No ha habido<\/span> un hombre en Italia que<\/span> haya<\/span> acumulado<\/span> m\u00e1s<\/span> derrotas<\/span> que<\/span> Falcone<\/span>, ni<\/span> cuya<\/span> confianza<\/span> haya<\/span> sido<\/span> traicionada<\/span> con m\u00e1s<\/span> determinaci\u00f3n<\/span> y malignidad<\/span> (…). Siempre<\/span> le jodieron<\/span> y no le dieron<\/span> ninguno<\/span> de los puestos<\/span> que<\/span> merec\u00eda”<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\tEn fin, sirvan<\/span> estas<\/span> l\u00edneas<\/span> como<\/span> humilde<\/span> y merecido<\/span> homenaje<\/span> a don Giovanni Falcone<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\"alt\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\t\u00a0<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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